BIOLOGY 1

DISCOVERY OF THE CELL

• Robert Hooke
• 1665
• First person to use the term cell/s to refer to
the tiny structures found in organisms.
• Observed boxlike compartments in a piece of
cork, these room like structures in cork were
called cells.
DISCOVERY OF THE CELL
DISCOVERY OF THE CELL

• Robert Brown
• 1831
• Discovered small bodies in the cell, studied
and called them nuclei (sing. nucleus).
DISCOVERY OF THE CELL

• Johannes Purkinje
• 1839
• Observed the complex fluid inside the cells,
named it protoplasm.
THE CELL THEORY

• Late 1830’s, two German scientists

• Matthias J. Schleiden, plant biologist
• Theodor Schwann, animal biologist
• Worked separately but arrived the same
conclusion, known as the cell theory.
THE CELL THEORY

• 1. All living organisms are made up of one or more

cells.
• 2. Cell is the most basic unit of life.
• 1855, Rudolf Virchow, German physician, Omnis
cellula e cellula
• 3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
MODERN CELL THEORY

• All known living things are made up of one or more cells.

• The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms.
• All living cells arise from pre-existing cells by division.
• The activity of an organism depends on the total activity of independent cells.
• Energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) occurs within cells.
• Cells contain DNA which is found specifically in the chromosome and RNA found in
the cell nucleus and cytoplasm.
• All cells are basically the same in chemical composition in organisms of similar
species.
CELL TYPES

• Plant cells
• Animal cells
CELL TYPES (PLANT CELLS)

• Parenchyma cells – where food production in plants occur (leaves)

• Made of relatively large cells
• Thin cell walls, easy exchange of water and nutrients between cells
• Found in growth regions of stems and roots; wound healing and regeneration of
these parts
• Serve as storage for food, forming the fleshy tissues of fruits and vegetables.

• Collenchyma cells – uneven cell walls, thicker than parenchyma cells

• Elongated, can stretch to provide mechanical support to elongating parts of
plant.
• Found below epidermal regions of the stems.
CELL TYPES (PLANT CELLS)

• Sclerenchyma cells – very thick walls to support mature

plant parts like fibers and seeds
• Usually dead cells
• Cell wall have lignin- waterproof
• Plant fibers and stone cells of fruits like chico as
well as seed coats of coconut shells are made of
these.
CELL TYPES ( PLANT CELLS)
CELL TYPES ( ANIMAL CELL)

• Smooth muscle cell – elongated and have pointed ends.

• Nucleus found near the center of the cell.
• Found in the walls of blood vessels and internal organs except
the heart.

• Skeletal muscle cells – striated muscle cells

• Large cells
CELL TYPES (ANIMAL CELL)
CELL TYPES (ANIMAL CELL)

• Nerve cell or neuron – consists of an enlarged portion, cell body, which contains
nucleus and other organelles.
• 2 types of nerve fibers axon and dendrites, extend from the cell body.

• Erythrocytes or Red Blood Cells(RBC) – carriers of oxygen to the different parts of

the body.
• Mammals – usually lose their nuclei as they develop; other
vertebrates(birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish) retain their nuclei
throughout their lifespan.
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS

• 3 major parts of cell:

• Cell membrane
• Nucleus
• Cytoplasm
• Cell membrane – separates the material outside the cell (extracellular), from the
materials inside the cell (intracellular). Barrier. Fluid mosaic model
• Integrity of a cell
• Controls passage of materials into and out of the cell
• Double layer of phospholipid molecules (phospholipid bilayer) with embedded
proteins
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS

Also consists of proteins, which provide structural support, form channels for
passage of materials, act as receptor sites, function as carrier molecules, and
provide identification markers.
• Nucleus and Nucleolus
• Nucleus control center of the cell, formed by a nuclear membrane around
a fluid nucleoplasm
• Threads of chromatin containing DNA, which is the genetic material of
the cell.
• Determines how the cell will function, as well as the basic structure of the
cell

• Nucleolus dense region of RNA in the nucleus, site of ribosome formation

CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS

• Cytoplasm – gel-like fluid inside the cell.

• Medium for chemical reaction
• Where cell expansion, growth and replication are carried out

• Cytoplasmic organelles – collective term for the different parts of cell

suspended in the cytoplasm
• “little organs”
• Each type has a definite structure and specific role in the
function of the cell.
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS

• Organelles:
• Mitochondrion – powerhouse of the cell
• Site for various chemical processes involved in the synthesis of
energy packets ATP
• Contains small amounts of DNA containing the genes for synthesis
of some mitochondrial proteins
• Surrounded by two membranes: outer membrane- smooth
• Inner membrane is folded into tubule structures
called cristae
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS

• Ribosomes – sites where CHON molecules are synthesized from

A.A
• Composed of Chons and RNA
• Some are found bound to granular endoplasmic
reticulum and free in the cytoplasm
• Chons synthesized from free ribosomes are released in
the cytosol
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS

• Endoplasmic Reticulum – collectively a network of membranes

enclosing a singular continuous space.
• RER- associated with ribosomes –rough or granular appearance
• Involved in Chon synthesis, packaging chons for the Golgi
Apparatus
• SER- lacks ribosomes, agranular or smooth ER
• Site of lipid synthesis
• Stores and releases Ca ions
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS

• Golgi Bodies/apparatus/complex – packages macromolecules for

secretion or delivery to other organelles.
• Usually located near the nucleus

• Endosomes – membrane-bound tubular and vesicular structures

located bet plasma membrane and Golgi complex.
• Sort and direct vesicular traffic by pinching off vesicles or
fusing with them.
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS

• Lysosomes – bound by a single membrane

• Highly acidic fluid
• Site of intracellular digestion
• Contains digestive enzyme for breaking down bacteria and cell debris
• Important role in the cells of the immune system.

• Peroxisomes – bound by a single membrane

• Consume oxygen and work to drive rxns that remove hydrogen from various
molecules in the form of hydrogen peroxide
• Maintains chemical balances within the cell.
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS

• Cytoskeleton – filamentous network of chons; provide shape, internal organization and

movement of the cell.
• 3 types of filaments:
• Microfilaments- thinnest and most abundant of the cytoskeleton chons
• Composed of actin, a contarctile chon
• Can be assembled /disassembled quickly accdg to the needs of the
cell or organelle structure.
• Intermediate filaments- slightly larger in diameter, found in regions of the cell
that are subjected to stress. Once assembled, not capable of rapid disassembly.
• Microtubules- hollow tubes composed of chon- tubulin
• Thickest and most rigid of the filaments
• Capable of rapid assembly and disassembly
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS

• Microtubules are structured around a cell region called centrosome,

which surrounds two centrioles ( 9 sets of fused microtubules); (+)
animal cell
• These are important in cell division when the centrosome
generates microtubular spindle fibers for chromosome
separation.
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS

• Vacuoles/ vesicle – stores nutrients and waste products

• Contains water and digestive enzymes
• Plant cell- variable size, large vacuole enclosed by a single
membrane, occupies more than 50% of volume
• Animal cell- small vesicle
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS

• Cell wall – made of cellulose fibers

• Serves as outer boundary of plant cells
• Provides strength, protection and rigidity to plant
cells
• Chloroplast – site for photosynthetic reactions
• Amylopast – synthesis and storage of starch ( energy
source of plants)
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS
PROKARYOTIC VS EUKARYOTIC CELLS

• Prokaryotic cell – prokaryotes

• primitive type of cell
• characterized by the absence of a nucleus; nucleoid
• do not possess membrane-bound cellular organelles
• exclusively unicellular.
• “prokaryote” is derived from the Greek word “pro“, (meaning:
before)
“karyon” (meaning: kernel).
It translates to “before nuclei.“
PROKARYOTIC VS EUKARYOTIC CELLS

• Prokaryotic cells - comparatively smaller and much simpler than eukaryotic cells.
• does not possess membrane-bound cell organelles such as a nucleus.
• Cell division- binary fission.

• Parts
• Capsule- enveloping their entire body, and it functions as a protective coat.
• preventing the process of phagocytosis (where the bacteria gets engulfed by other
eukaryotic cells, such as macrophages)
• Pilus is a hair-like appendage found on the external surface of most prokaryotes
• it helps the organism to attach itself to various environments.
• resists being flushed, hence, it is also called attachment pili.
• commonly observed in bacteria.
PROKARYOTIC VS EUKARYOTIC CELLS

• Cell wall - provides strength and rigidity to the cell.

• Cytoplasm - helps in cellular growth, this is contained within the
• Plasma membrane - separates the interior contents of the cell from the outside environment.
• Ribosomes – found within cytoplasm, exist and it plays an important role in protein synthesis;
one of the smallest components within the cell.
• Mesosomes- special structures which assist in cellular respiration.
• Plasmids- contain small, circular pieces of DNA.
• Flagella - present to help with locomotion, though, pilus can also serve as an aid for
locomotion.
• Examples of prokaryotes are bacteria and archaea.
PROKARYOTIC VS EUKARYOTIC CELLS

• Eukaryotic cells – Eukaryotes

• “Eukaryotes” is derived from the Greek word “eu“, (meaning: good)
• “karyon” (meaning: kernel),
• “good or true nuclei.”
• more complex and much larger than prokaryotes.
• Unicellular or multicellular
• Cell division- mitosis
• Examples: Cells of plants, animals, fungi, algae, and protozoa (protists)
 REFERENCES:

• https://www.sciencefacts.net/prokaryotes-vs-eukaryotes.html
• https://byjus.com/biology/prokaryotic-and-eukaryotic-cells/
• Carale L.R. et. al, 2009, Biology Science and Technology Textbook for Second Year, Book
Media Press, Inc, pp: 21-30.
• https://www.biologyonline.com/tutorials/cell-structure
• https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/cells_tissues_membranes/cells/structure.html#:
~:text=It%20includes%20features%20from%20all,but%20distinct%20structures%20called
%20organelles
• https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Hooke
FOR NEXT MEETING:

• Cell Modifications
• Cell cycle
• Mitosis
• Meiosis