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Nanomaterials UNIT IV

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14 views43 pages

Nanomaterials UNIT IV

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jeswini
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Nanotechnology

What is Nanotechnology?
• Nanotechnology is the ability to control or
manipulate materials on the atomic scale to
create structures that have novel properties and
functions because of their size, shape or
composition.

• These structures are typically less than 100


nanometers in size.
Understanding the
Nanodimension
UNDERSTANDING SIZE
• 1 meter
UNDERSTANDING SIZE
• 10 centimeters
UNDERSTANDING SIZE
• 1 centimeter
UNDERSTANDING SIZE
• 100 micrometers
UNDERSTANDING SIZE
• 10 micrometers
UNDERSTANDING SIZE
• 1 micrometer
UNDERSTANDING SIZE
• 100 nanometers
UNDERSTANDING SIZE
• 10 nanometers
UNDERSTANDING SIZE
• 1 nanometer
The properties of materials can be different at
the Nanoscale for two main reasons:

First, Nanomaterials have a relatively larger surface


area when compared to the same mass of material
produced in a larger form.

Nano particles can make materials more chemically


reactive and affect their strength or electrical
properties.

Second, quantum effects can begin to dominate the


behaviour of matter at the Nanoscale
Nanoscale materials are divided into three category,
Zero dimension – length , breadth and heights are
confined at single point. (for example, Nano dots)

One dimension – It has only one parameter either


length (or) breadth (or) height ( example:very thin
surface coatings)

Two dimensions- it has only length and breadth (for


example, nanowires and nanotubes)

Three dimensions -it has all parameter of length,


breadth and height. (for example, Nano Particles).
At the nanoscale, the physical,
chemical, and biological properties of
materials differ in fundamental and
valuable ways from the properties of
individual atoms and molecules or bulk
matter
Based on the size and shape, the Nano materials
are classified as follows

•• Nanoparticles • Nanotubes
• • Nanocapsules • Nanosprings
• • Nanofibers • Nanobelts
• • Nanowires • Quantum dots
• • Fullerenes (carbon • Nanofluidies
60)
CARBON NANO TUBES
What Are Carbon Nanotubes?
• CNT can be described as a
sheet of graphite rolled into
a cylinder
• Constructed from hexagonal
rings of carbon
• Can have one layer or
multiple layers
• Can have caps at the ends
making them look like pills
What are Carbon nanotubes.
•Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes
of carbon.
• These cylindrical carbon molecules have
interesting properties that make them
potentially useful in many applications in
nanotechnology, electronics, optics and
other fields of materials science, as well as
potential uses in architectural fields.
•They exhibit extraordinary strength and
unique electrical properties, and are
efficient conductors of heat.
• Their final usage, however, may be
limited by their potential toxicity.
Different types of nanotubes

(n, 0) or (0, m) and


have a chiral angle of
0°, armchair
nanotubes have (n, n)
and a chiral angle of
30°, while chiral
nanotubes have
general (n, m) values
and a chiral angle of
between 0° and 30°.
Single-Wall Nanotube (SWNT)
a b

c
a) Armchair (n=m) f.e. (5,5)
 = 30
b) Zig Zag (n=0,m≠0) f.e (9,0)
 = 0
c) Chiral (n≠0,m≠0) f.e (10,5)
0 < < 30
Single-Wall Nanotube (SWNT)

Armchair Zig-Zag
Multi-Walled Nanotubes (MWNT)

• Multiple rolled layers of


graphene sheets
• More resistant to
chemical changes than
SWNTs

http://www.siemens.com/innovation/en/about_fande/corp_technology/
partnerships_experts/uc_berkeley.htm
• Multi-walled nanotubes (MWNTs) consist of
multiple rolled layers (concentric tubes) of
graphene. There are two models that can be
used to describe the structures of multi-walled
nanotubes.
• In the Russian Dollmodel, sheets of graphite are
arranged in concentric cylinders, e.g., a (0,8)
single-walled nanotube (SWNT) within a larger
(0,17) single-walled nanotube.
• In the Parchment model, a single sheet of
graphite is rolled in around itself, resembling a
scroll of parchment or a rolled newspaper. The
interlayer distance in multi-walled nanotubes is
close to the distance between graphene layers in
graphite, approximately 3.4 Å.
Carbon fullerenes
• A molecule with 60 carbon atoms C60
– with an icosahedral symmetry
– buckyball or buckmister fullerene
– C-C distance 1.44 A (~ graphite 1.42 A)
– 20 hexagonal faces + 12 pentagonal faces
– each carbon atoms: 2 single bonds (1.46 A)+ 1
double bond (1.40 A)
Carbon fullerenes
• Initially synthesized by Krätschmer et al. 1990
• C60, C70, C76, C78, C80

Fig 6.1
Electrical Properties
• If the nanotube structure is armchair then the
electrical properties are metallic
• If the nanotube structure is chiral then the
electrical properties can be either semiconducting
with a very small band gap, otherwise the
nanotube is a moderate semiconductor
• In theory, metallic nanotubes can carry an
electrical current density of 4×10 9 A/cm2 which is
more than 1,000 times greater than metals such as
copper
Thermal Properties
• All nanotubes are expected to be very good thermal
conductors along the tube, but good insulators laterally to
the tube axis.

• It is predicted that carbon nanotubes will be able to


transmit up to 6000 watts per meter per Kelvin at room
temperature; compare this to copper, a metal well-known
for its good thermal conductivity, which transmits 385
watts per meter per K.

• The temperature stability of carbon nanotubes is estimated


to be up to 2800oC in vacuum and about 750oC in air.
Defects
• Defects can occur in the form of atomic
vacancies. High levels of such defects can
lower the tensile strength by up to 85%.
• Because of the very small structure of CNTs,
the tensile strength of the tube is dependent on
its weakest segment in a similar manner to a
chain, where the strength of the weakest link
becomes the maximum strength of the chain.
Synthesis of CNT
Laser Ablation
• Discovered in 1995 at Rice
University
• Vaporizes graphite at 1200 ⁰C
• Helium or argon gas
• A hot vapor plume forms and
expands and cools rapidly
• Carbon molecules condense
to form large clusters
• Similar to arc discharge http://students.chem.tue.nl/ifp03/synthesis.html

• Yield of up to 70%
Types of Laser Ablation
• Pulsed • Continuous
– Much higher light – Much lower light
intensity (100 kW/cm2) intensity (12 kW/cm2)

http://www.goalfinder.com/product.asp?productid=112
Ultra Fast-pulsed Laser Ablation

http://students.chem.tue.nl/ifp03/synthesis.html
Laser Ablation
Advantages
• Good diameter control
• Few defects
• Pure product

Disadvantages
• Expensive because of lasers
and high powered
equipment
http://www.gsiglasers.com/MarketSectors.aspx?page=56
Chemical Vapor Deposition

• Carbon is in the gas phase


• Energy source transfers
energy to carbon molecule
• Common Carbon Gases
– Methane
– Carbon monoxide
– Acetylene
http://neurophilosophy.files.wordpress.com/2006/08/multiwall-large.jpg
Chemical Vapor Deposition
• After energy transfer, the
carbon molecule binds to
the substrate
• Temperature between
650 – 900 ⁰C
• Yield is usually about 30%
• One of the most common
methods of carbon
nanotube synthesis http://nanoscale-materials-and-nanotechnolog.blogspot.com/2007_04_13_archive.html
Chemical Vapor Deposition

Advantages
• Easy to increase scale to
industrial production
• Large length
• Simple to perform
• Pure product

Disadvantages
http://endomoribu.shinshu-u.ac.jp/research/cnt/images/cat_cnt.jpg

• Defects are common

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