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Module 7

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Christian Ivon Kaille Saligumba
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10 views23 pages

Module 7

Uploaded by

Christian Ivon Kaille Saligumba
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SPLANCHNOLOGY

MODULE 7
ORGANS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• Oral Cavity- also known as the mouth or buccal cavity,
contains the tongue, teeth and salivary glands.
The function of the oral cavity is as follows:
1. To pick up the food
2. To break up the food into small boluses to aid swallowing
3. Lubrication of the food with mucus and saliva making it
easier to swallow.
4. In omnivores and herbivores, digestion of carbohydrates
begins in the mouth with the secretion of salivary
enzymes.
• The oral cavity is formed by the following bones of
the skull:
• The incisive bone and the maxilla form the upper
jaw.
• The palatine bone forms the roof of the mouth –
the hard palate.
• The mandible forms the lower jaw; the paired
mandibles join in the midline at the mandibular
symphysis.
TOUNGE
• The functions of the tongue are:
1. To aid the ingestion of food.
2. To carry the receptors (taste buds) for the sensation
of taste or gustation
3. To help in the formation of a food bolus ready for
swallowing
4. To groom the fur, particularly in cats
5. To assist thermoregulation
6. To produce vocalisation
TEETH
• The teeth are hard structures embedded in the upper and
lower jaw and those of the dog and cat are described as
being brachydontic, meaning that they are fairly low in
profile and they cease to grow once they have reached their
final size.
STRUCTURE
• In the centre of each tooth is a pulp cavity. This contains
blood capillaries and nerves, which supply the growing tooth.
In young animals the cavity is relatively large but, once the
tooth is fully developed, it shrivels and contains only a small
blood and nerve supply. After a tooth has stopped growing
• Function
• The teeth of a carnivore are adapted to shearing
and tearing the flesh off the bones of their prey.
There are four types of tooth, which are
classified by their shape and position in the jaw
PHARYNX

• The pharynx forms a crossover point between the


respiratory and digestive systems. It is a muscular
tube lined with mucous membrane, connecting the
back of the nasal and oral cavities with the
oesophagus and the larynx and trachea. The soft
palate extends caudally towards the epiglottis of
the larynx and divides the pharynx into the
nasopharynx and oropharynx. The walls of the
pharynx contain diffuse areas of lymphoid tissue
known as the tonsils.
ESOPHAGUS

• This is a simple tube that carries food from


the pharynx to the stomach. The
oesophagus enters the abdominal cavity
via the oesophageal hiatus of the
diaphragm, which separates the thorax
and abdomen.
THE ABDOMINAL PART OF THE DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
• The majority of the digestive tract lies within the
abdominal cavity and can be divided into three parts:
1. Stomach: used to store and mix ingested food.
2. Small intestine: the main site for enzymic or chemical
digestion and the absorption of nutrients.
3. Large intestine: the site for absorption of water,
electrolytes and water-soluble vitamins; any indigestible
remains pass out of the anus as faeces.
STOMACH
• The stomach of the dog and cat is described as
being simple and digestion is said to be
monogastric. The functions of the stomach are:
1. To act as a reservoir for food: wild carnivores
(particularly lions) may only eat every 3–4 days
and then rest for hours while food slowly digests.
2. To break up the food and mix it with gastric juices.
3. To begin the process of protein digestion.
LARGE INTESTINE
• This is a short tube of a wider diameter than the small intestine. Each
part has a similar structure to that of the small intestine. However, in
the lumen there are no villi and no digestive glands, but there are
more goblet cells. The large intestine is divided into:
1. Caecum is a short, blind-ending tube joining the ileum at its junction
with the ascending colon: this is the ileocaecal junction.
2. Colon is divided into the ascending, transverse and descending colon
according to the relative position in the peritoneal cavity, but all are a
continuation of the same organ.
3. Rectum is the part of the colon running through the pelvic cavity.
4. Anal sphincter marks the end of the digestive tract. It is a muscular
ring that controls the passage of faeces out of the body.
SMALL INTESTINE

• The small intestine is the major site of


enzymic digestion and absorption. It is a
long, relatively narrow tube and may be up
to 3.5 times the body length depending on
the species.
There are also several accessory glands, without
which the digestive process cannot be
completed. These are the:
• Salivary glands
• Pancreas
• Gall bladder
• Liver
SALIVARY GLANDS
• The salivary glands of domestic farm
animals comprise three pairs of well-
defined glands as well as scattered lobules
of salivary tissue (minor salivary glands).
The chief salivary glands are the parotid,
mandibular, and sublingual.
PANCREAS

• The pancreas is a compound gland that


has both endocrine and exocrine portions.
The exocrine portion of the pancreas
produces sodium bicarbonate and
digestive enzymes, which pass through the
pancreatic ducts to empty into the
duodenum close to the opening of the bile
duct.
LIVER
• The liver is the largest gland in the body,
constituting 1–2% of total adult body weight. It
varies somewhat in number of lobes and precise
intra-abdominal location from one species to
another. However, the liver is always located
immediately caudal to the diaphragm (in contact
with it) and tends to be located on the right side,
particularly in ruminants, in whom the large
ruminoreticulum pushes everything else to the
right.

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