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1.history& Basic Principles of MRI

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44 views27 pages

1.history& Basic Principles of MRI

Uploaded by

Sneha B
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© © All Rights Reserved
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HISTROY & BASIC

PRINCIPLE OF MRI

SACHIN NAIK
DEPT. OF MIT
INTRODUTION

• The technique of MRI imaging is


rapidly moving from the technical
interest to wide clinical application.

 Because of its

1. Superior soft tissue contrast resolution –excellent

pathological discrimination

2. Non-ionizing radiation
History
RAYMOND .V. DAMADIAN
He inventor of first MRI machine

 BORN-MARCH 16 1936 IN NEWYORK


 He is an American Physician

 His research in Na ,K in living cell led to his


first experiment with NMR which course him
to purpose the MR body scanner in 1969
Structure of atom
• Consist of central nucleus and electrons
orbiting around the nucleus in shells
• Nucleus contain protons and neutrons that
spin their own axis.
• Nucleus also orbit around the centre of the
nucleus in different energy levels.
Motion in an Atom
• There are three type of motion are present
within the atom these are;
• Electrons spinning on their own axis
• Electron orbiting the nucleus
• The nucleus itself spinning about its own
axis.
MR active nuclei

• They have a tendency to align their axis of


rotation of an applied magnetic field.
HYDROGEN (Spining Proton)
NUCLEUS
The isotope of the hydrozen nucleus called protium is

the MR Active nucleus.

It is used because:

• Most abundant in the body

• All the biological hydrogen nuclei shows greatest

sensitivity to MR process.

• It has large magnetic moment.


Hydrogen nuclei as a magnet
(Magnetisation)

The hydrogen nucleus contains one positively charged proton that spins

• Hydrogen nuclei in the body behave like tiny magnet


• Protons spin its own axis.
• Charged particle spin and magnetic field produce around it
MAGNETIC EFFECT

Magnetic dipole-

Each has a north and south pole of equal strength.


The north/South axis of each nucleus is represented
by a magnetic moment.
The magnetic moment of each nucleus has vector
properties.
Alingnment

In the absence of an applied magnetic field the


hydrogen nuclei are randomly Oriented.
But in the presence of an
strong external magnetic
field, the magnetic moment
of the hydrogen nuclei align
with the main magnetic
field.
–.

– They may align themselves


either parallel (low energy-
Spin up) or anti- parallel
(High Energy-Spin Down).
PRECESSION
• Each hydrogen atom spinning on its own
axis, the influence of magnetic field
produce an additional spin,this secondary
spin is know as precession.
• And cause the magnetic moment to follow
a circular path around Bₒ - Precessional
Path
• The speed at which they spin around
magnetic field is called precessional
frequency.
CONT..

The precession frequency of the protons


is not constant

Exact calculation of precession frequency is

done by means of the LARMOR

EQUATION.
The Larmor equation

Gyro
magnetic
ratio
• The equation states that precession
frequency becomes higher as the
strength of the External Magnetic field
increases.
• It also depends up on the gyro
magnetic ratio. This is different in
different material.
RF PULSE - Radiofrequency pulse

•To establish a transverse magnetisation – a RF


pulse is sent.
•Purpose of RF pulse – disturb the protons
peacefully precessing in alignment with the
external magnetic field.
•The RF pulse must have the same frequency as
the precessing protons
• The larmor equation gives the
precessing frequency and the
frequency of RF pulse.

• Precessing frequency of protons =


frequency of RF pulse

• Applied to MRI , the RF pulse can


transmit its energy to the protons when
both are of the same frequency.
CONT...

• Some of the protons pick up energy from RF


pulse and go from lower to high energy level.

• This result in more protons positioning in to


anti parallel to the magnetic field.

• Longitudinal magnetisation decreases with


application of RF pulse.
Resonance

• It is a phenomenon that occur when an


object is exposed to an oscillating
perturbation that has a frequency close to
its own natural frequency of oscillation
Result of resonance
• NMV moves out of the alignment away
from the Bₒ .
• The magnetic moment of hydrogen nuclei
move into the phase with each other.
MR Signals
• The MR Signal is produced when coherent
(in Phase) magnetization cuts across the
coil.
• Therefore the coherent moving transverse
magnetization produces magnetic field
fluctuation inside the coil that induce an
electrical voltage in the coil.
• This constitues the MR signal.
Free induction decay Signal

As the magnitude of transverse magnetization decreases, so does


the magnitude of the voltage induced the receiver coil. The
induction of reduced signal is called the FID signal
Relaxation
• The process by which hydrogen loses
energy is called relaxation.
• Relaxation results in recovery of
magnetization in the longitudinal plane (T1
Recovery) and decay of magnetization in
the transverse plane (T2 Decay)
T1 Recovery
• T1 Recovery is caused by the nuclei giving up their
energy to the surrounding environment or lattice
(Spin Lattice relaxation).
• Energy released to the surrounding lattice causes
the magnetic moment of the nuclei to recover their
longitudial magetization.
• the rate of recovery is an exponential process, with a
recovery time constant called the T1 Relation Time.
• This is the time it takes 63% of the longitudinal
magnetization to recover in the tissue.
T2 Decay
• T2 decay is caused by the magnetic field of neighbouring
nuclei interacting with each other (Spin -Spin Relaxation).
• It results in decay or loss of coherent transverse
magnetization.
• The rate of decay is also an exponential process, so that the T2
relaxation time of the tissue is its time constant of decay.
• It is the time it takes 63% of the transverse magnetization to be
lost(37%remains)
Assignment
• History
• The Spinning Proton
• Magnetisation
• Alignment
• Precession
• Larmor Frequency
• Radio Frequency Pulse And Proton -
• Resonance
• MR Signal
• Free Induction Decay
• Relaxation
• T-1 & T-2
Thank yoU

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