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7 Concrete and Precast Concrete Structure

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23 views8 pages

7 Concrete and Precast Concrete Structure

Uploaded by

riyasath
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Concrete and Precast Concrete

Structure

By:
M.R.A.Riyasath
(Quantity Surveyor)
CONCRETE
 Concrete can be easily prepared by mixing binding material (lime or cement), fine aggregate (sand)
and coarse aggregate (crushed stone or brick) and water in the required proportion.

Properties of Cement Concrete


1. It has high compressive strength and varies with the grade of concrete.
2. It is weak in tension.
3. It hardens with age, and the rate of hardening decreases after it has attained adequate strength.
4. During the process of hardening, it shrinks due to loss of water.
5. It is not impervious perfectly unless formed with special additives.
6. It is free from corrosion.
7. It can sustain all the normal atmospheric effects.
8. It forms a hard surface, which is capable of resisting abrasion.
9. It has fire resistance capacity.
10. It is more economical and highly durable.
Type of Cement Concrete and Uses
 Different types of cement concrete are discussed along with their uses.
Plain Cement Concrete
 It is the simplest form of concrete made with cement, sand, pebbles or crushed rock and
water. It is used for a variety of works where the structural members are subjected to
compression. Simple foundations to mighty dams may be constructed with plain cement
concrete.
Reinforced Cement Concrete
 The cement concrete provided with steel reinforcement for taking on tension, bending,
torsion, fatigue, etc., is referred to as Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC). The steel used in
RCC works are: mild steel bars, medium tensile steel bars, hot-rolled deformed bars, cold
twisted bars, hard-drawn steel wire fabric or rolled steel. It is used in various structural
members, viz., columns, beams, footings, slabs, staircases, shelves, basements, water
tanks, retaining walls, folded plates, shells, domes, etc.
Pre-stressed Cement Concrete
 Here high tensile steel wires are used as reinforcement instead of mild steel bars. High
tensile steel wires are stretched initially to the desired level and concrete is placed. After
setting and completion of curing, the concrete is put into use. As the steel wires are initially
stretched, the concrete so casted is known as pre-stressed concrete. This concrete is used
in the manufacturing of railway sleepers and electric poles and in the construction of large
span beams, large span bridge girders, etc.
Light-weight Cement Concrete
 This concrete has less density compared to the conventional concrete. It has low
drying shrinkage. This is used for cast-in-situ external load-bearing walls, small
retaining walls, where repetitive loads are expected to occur, etc. This has better
insulating properties. The light-weight aggregates used are pumice, expanded
slates, furnace clinker, etc.,. This type of light-weight concrete has better insulating
and fire-resistant properties, is highly water absorptive and economical. This can be
used for all the works stated above. It has a very high drying shrinkage and is used
for the manufacture of building blocks.
Precast Cement Concrete
 The concrete used for the casting of various structural components with or without
reinforcement is called precast cement concrete. Fresh concrete is placed and
compacted in moulds made for different structural units. After setting and curing
they are removed from moulds and used.
Grades of Cement Concrete
 OPC had been graded and the gain in strength after 28 days had been based on
the grade and type of cement.
Group Grade Designation
Ordinary concrete M10, M15, M20
Standard Concrete M25, M30, M35, M40, M45, M50,
M55
High Strength Concrete M60, M65, M70, M75, M80

Testing of Fresh Concrete


 The following tests are commonly employed to measure workability of fresh
concrete:
1. Slump Test
2. Compaction factor Test
3. Flow Test
4. Kelly Ball Test
5. Vee Bee Consistometer Test
Precast Concrete Units
 The term precast concrete is applied to individual concrete members of various shapes, which are
designed to fit in a part of a whole structure, which are cast in separate forms before they are placed in
the proper position of the structure. Precast concrete units form a part of a new technique called pre-
fabricated construction.

Pre-fabricated construction
 Prefabrication is most suitable for large-scale housing programmes. Prefabrication technique is used as
a cost-effective measure. As the components of any structure can be manufactured under controlled
conditions, there is vast improvement in quality. It helps to use the locally available materials with
required characteristics. The speed of construction is generally fast compared to cast-in-situ
constructions.
 Materials that are used for prefabrication have to satisfy one or more of the following characteristics:
1. They should be available easily without any constraint.
2. Light-weight materials are preferred since they are easy to handle and transport.
3. They should preferably have a high thermal insulation property.
4. Workability of the material should be simple and easy.
5. Evidently the durability should be high and withstand all weather conditions.
6. Materials should preferably be non-combustible so as to prevent any problem during transit.
7. The overall economy should be given high importance.
 As a matter of fact, materials to be used as prefabricated components are plenty. The latest trend is to
use concrete, steel, treated wood, aluminum, cellular concrete, light-weight concrete, ceramic
products, etc.
Advantages
 Precast concrete has several advantages over cast-in-situ concrete:
1. When identical members are cast, it is advantageous for the same formwork to be
used.
2. As better quality control can be exercised in the factory or yard site, concrete of
superior quality can be produced.
3. Smoother exposed surfaces can be produced, which may not require plastering.
4. Pre-casting work can be carried out under all weather conditions if adequate
protection is provided in the casting yard.
5. Precast units can be made to the required shape without much difficulty.
6. When required, they may be dismantled without any breakage.
7. Curing can be done more effectively and economically.
8. Constructions can be erected mostly under all climatic conditions.
9. Buildings may be constructed at a greater speed.
Disadvantages
 There are certain aspects that discourage the use of precast concrete units under
the following conditions:
1. Special equipment are needed for handling, transportation and erection. This is of
particular concern for large-size units like beams, slabs, columns, etc.
2. Cost of construction may increase due to the employment of skilled labour and due
to mechanized construction.
3. There is more chance of damage to the precast units while loading, transporting
and erecting.
4. Combining different units and making them function as per the design is really
difficult, particularly if different types of units are involved.
5. Future modification to the building constructed using precast units is difficult.

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