Electronic One

Lecture 4

Dr. Mohamed Shrud

Things to be covered

• AND/OR GATES

• CLIPPERS
• Parallel
• Series

• CLAMPERS
 A OR
OR GATE gate OUT
B

INPUT
A Lamp OUT
A B (OUT) 0
0 0
0 1 B 1
1 0 On =1 1
1 1 Off = 0 1

The output of an OR gate will go HIGH

if one or both inputs goes HIGH.
The output only goes LOW when
both inputs are LOW.
 Yes, forward bias diode
Positive logic OR gate

Si
E = 10V
E = 10V
A A
D1
Vo=9.3V
Si
E = 0V VO E = 0V VO
B D2 B
R 1 kΩ R 1 kΩ
I

9.3V can be
considered as logic 1
 A AND
AND GATE gate OUT
B

INPUT A B OUT
Lamp
A B (OUT) 0
0 0 0
0 1
1 0
On =1 0
1 1 Off = 0 1

The output of an AND gate is

HIGH only when both inputs
are HIGH.
 Positive logic AND gate
No, reverse bias diode

Si E1 = 10V
E1 = 10V A
A D1
VO = 0.7V
Si 0.7V
E2 = 0V VO E2 = 0V VO
B D2 B
R 1 kΩ I R 1 kΩ

Yes, forward bias diode E = 10V E = 10V

0.7V can be
considered as logic 0
Clipper Circuits
Clipper (or limiter) circuits: Clippers are named for their
ability to limit the output to a certain level. Also called a limiting
circuit. Clipper circuits are used in applications where it is
necessary to limit the input to another circuit so that the latter
would not be damage

Limiters may be designed to clip positive voltages at a certain

level, negative voltages at a different level, or to do both. The
simplest types consist simply of diodes and dc voltage sources,
while more elaborate designs incorporate operational amplifier
Note that in the next few circuits, the output equals the dc source
voltage when the input reaches the value necessary to forward
bias the diode. These circuits are called parallel clippers because
the biased diode is in parallel with the output.
 parallel clippers R
Vi
forward bias diode
12V
Vi›6V

Vin R -12V
I can only see 6V
12V 6V VO = 6V

-12V t
6V
R
reverse bias diode Vi
No current
12V
VO -12V
-12V
6V
I can only see -12V
6V VO = -12V
t
-12V
 YES NO
Clipper Circuits
Vin VO
9V R -3V
t
-9V t -3V
-9V

Vo
Vin
R 20V
20V

-20V t 10V -10V t

 (An easy way of producing square waves from sine waves is to use diodes)
The following circuits are often used to protect circuit components from
damage due to over voltage and are used for generating special waveforms.

Vin VO

4V R
+ 0.7V
V in Si Si Vo
t
- 0.7V t
- 4V

VO
R
5V
Vi = 10sin (wt) Vi VO

5V 5V -5V t
 VO

12V
12V

R VO
-12V

VO

0
12V
R VO
t
-12V

-12V
 Vi 5V 5V
20 R VO
20V

0 R
T/2 T t VO
-10

VO
No current 5V
25V R VO
10V

0 0V
T/2 T t
 Clamper Circuits Diode Clamp
The diode clamp circuit shown here takes a periodic ac signal that oscillates
between positive and negative values and displaces it so that it is either
always positive or always negative. The capacitor charges up to a dc voltage
equal to the zero-to-peak value of Vin. The capacitor is made large enough so
that it looks like a short circuit for the ac components of Vin. If, for example,
Vin is a sine wave, Vout will equal the sum of Vin and the dc voltage on the
capacitor. By placing the diode in the opposite position (pointing down), Vout
will be displace downward so that it is always negative.
 Clamper Circuits Capacitor

i C

VC
 VC

25V

0
VC = 25V time, t
{ t1- t2: - ve region}
The diode is forward bias
C = 1 μF

Vi 20V R
100KΩ V0 = 5V
C = 1 μF
10V 5V

R
0 t1 t2 time, t 100KΩ VO
VC = 25V
5V
-20V
C = 1 μF

{ t0- t1: + ve region} 10V

R
100KΩ V0 = 35V
The diode is reverse bias 5V
 Clamper Circuits
INPUT OUTPUT
Vi V0

Vi VO

10V 35V
30V 30V
0 t1 t2 time, t
5V
-20V 0
t1 t2 t3 t4 time, t
YES NO
Q/A Session