Scribd
Upload
16 views22 pages

03b Glycogen Metabolism

03b Glycogen Metabolism

Uploaded by

curtisandrea242
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
16 views22 pages

03b Glycogen Metabolism

03b Glycogen Metabolism

Uploaded by

curtisandrea242
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 22

Glycogen metabolism

Glycogen metabolism
 Excess glucose is converted to a polymeric form known as glycogen in
vertebrate and starch in plants.
 Glycogen is stored in large granules in the cytosol.

 Glycogen storage occurs mainly in


 Muscles:
− For energy in either aerobic or anaerobic conditions.
− Can be depleted in <1 hour
 Liver
− Maintain blood glucose levels
− Only adequate for 12 to 24 hours

 Glycogen metabolism is generally the same in both liver and muscles.


 Nevertheless, subtle difference do exist in liver and muscles.
Glycogen structure
REMINDER: Monosaccharide have Reducing and Non-reducing End
Glycogen metabolism
Glycogenesis
Hexokinase (muscles)
 Refers to glycogen synthesis for Glucokinase (liver)

storage of excess glucose.

 Step 1
 Formation of UDP-glucose.

 Act as the immediate glucose


donor or substrate for glycogen
synthesis

UDP: uridine diphosphate


Glycogenesis
Step 2 : Addition of glucose to a non-reducing end of a pre-existing glycogen branch (with <4
glucose residues)

Pre-existing glycogen

 An incoming glucose residue(s) bind to the non-reducing (C-4) of the terminal glucose

residue of pre-existing glycogen via its anormeric carbon (C-1).

 As a result, α -1, 4 glyosidic bond is formed.


Glycogenesis
Step 2 : Addition of glucose to a non-reducing end of a pre-existing glycogen branch (with <4
glucose residues)

Pre-existing glycogen branch

Pre-existing glycogen
Glycogenesis
Step 3 : Branching of glycogen: for
Involves transfer of a chain containing 6 to 7 glucose residues from the non-reducing
end of a glycogen branch with ≥11 glucose residues to hydroxyl group at C-6 of an
interior glucose residue

NB: Branching continues to increase glycogen solubility and provide more non-reducing ends for
addition of glucose molecules.
Glycogenesis

What happens when there is NO


pre-existing glycogen for glucose
to be added onto it?

Glycogen synthase CAN NOT


initiate glycogen synthesis

Glycogen synthesis is instead


initiated by the transfer of glucose
residue from UDP-glucose to a
protein, glycogenin,

Form a new chain


of 8 glucose
Glycogenolysis
Glycogenolysis (glycogen breakdown)
 Glycogenolysis involve release glucose residues from glycogen for;
1. Production of energy
2. Restoration of blood sugar levels

 Involves three enzymes


1. Glycogen phosphorylase (break α1→4glycosidic bond)
2. Glycogen debranching enzyme (break α1→6 glycosidic bond)
3. Phosphoglucomutase. (convert glucose-1-phosphate to glucose-6-phosphate)
Glycogenolysis (glycogen breakdown)
Step 1: Glycogen breakdown from the non-reducing end by glycogen phosphorylase
(break α1→4 glycosidic bond)

This continues until 4 glucose residues are left in a branch


Glycogenolysis
Step 2: Debranching of glycogen
Debranching enzyme act in a two-step
reaction;
1. Transfer of a three-glucose
residue oligosaccharide of the
branch.

2. Release of glucose residue


bound by α1→6 glycosidic bond
Glycogenolysis
Step 3: Fate of glucose-1-phosphate

P ①
i

②
Glycolysis
(Muscles)
Regulation of Glycogen metabolism
 Based on addition of a function group onto a key enzyme (allosteric modification)
Regulation of Glycogen metabolism
 Principle behind allosteric regulation/control
A. Allosteric inhibition/negative allosteric regulation

Active enzyme Inhibited enzyme

Distortion of active site renders the active site inaccessible by substrate


and thus, enzyme is allosteric inhibited
Regulation of Glycogen metabolism
 Principle behind allosteric regulation/control
A. Allosteric activation/positive allosteric regulation

Inactive enzyme activated enzyme

Distortion of active site renders the active site accessible by substrate and
thus, enzyme is activated inhibited
Regulation of Glycogen metabolism
 Based on addition of a function group to a key enzyme (allosteric modification)
I. Presence of a functional group activate the enzyme
II. Removal of a function group inactivate the enzyme

Inactivate Activated
enzyme enzyme
Regulation of Glycogen metabolism
Regulation is achieved through
A. The regulation of the activity of two key enzymes:
1. Glycogen phosphorylase (glycogenolysis)
2. Glycogen synthase (glycogenesis)

B. Influence of two hormones over the activity of key enzymes


1. Glucagon: promote glycogen breakdown
− Activate glycogen phosphorylase
− Inhibit glycogen synthase
2. Insulin promote glycogen synthesis
− Activate glycogen synthase
− Inhibit glycogen phosphorylase
NB: These hormones are produced in response to body energy needs/ blood
Regulation of Glycogen metabolism
When blood sugar levels are low (hypoglycemia)
− Glucagon is produced by alpha cells of the pancreas
− In the liver or muscle to glucagon promote glycogen breakdown
Consequence: activate glycogen phosphorylase Inhibit glycogen synthase
Glycoge
n
synthesi
s
inhibited

glycogen Glucose conc ↑


Regulation of Glycogen metabolism
When blood sugar levels are high (hyperglycemia) or back to normal
− Insulin is produced by beta cells of the pancreas
− In the liver or muscle, insulin promotes glycogen synthesis
Consequence: Activate glycogen synthase Glycogen phosphorylase inhibited
Glycogenolysis inhibited

Glycoge
n
synthesi
s
enhance
d

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy