Digital Image Processing

Lecture 1

Ashwini Kumar Upadhyay

Assistant Professor
M.Tech (IIT Kanpur), Ph.D (Pursuing)

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Introduction
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6 “One picture is worth more than ten
thousand words.”

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Course Contents
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• Introduction to Digital Image & Image Processing
• Image Enhancement & Restoration
• Image Transforms
• Image Compression
• Image Segmentation
• Assignments: MATLAB-based image processing
problems
• Additional Contents: Computer Vision (CV), Deep
Learning (CNNs), Python Libraries for implementing
CV and CNNs.

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Lecture Contents
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This Lecture will cover:

– What is a digital image?
– What is digital image processing?
– History of digital image processing
– State of the art examples of digital
image processing
– Key stages in digital image
processing
➢ (Image Acquisition, Enhancement,
Restoration, Segmentation, Object
Detection & Description)
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A digital image is a representation of a
two- dimensional image as a finite set
of digital values, called picture
elements or pixels

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What is a Digital
3 Image?
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Common image formats include:
– 1 sample per point (Grayscale)
– 3 samples per point (Red, Green, and
Blue)

For most of this course we will focus on

grey-scale images
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History of Digital Image
3 Processing
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Early 1920s: One of the first
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing
applications of digital imaging was in
the news-
paper industry
– transmission
The Bartlane cable picture
– service
Images were transferred by
Early digital image

submarine cable between London

and New York
– Pictures were coded for cable
transfer and reconstructed at the
receiving end on a telegraph printer
(2002)

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Multi tone Grayscale Image Dual tone Grayscale Image

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History of DIP (cont…)
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Mid to late 1920s: Improvements to
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing
the Bartlane system resulted in
higher quality images
– New
reproduction
processes
based on
photographic
techniques
of tones Improve
d Early 15 tone
– in
Increased images digital
reproduced digital
image
number image
(2002)

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History of DIP (cont…)
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1960s: Improvements in computing
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing
technology and the onset of the space
race led to a surge of work in digital
image processing
– 1964: Computers used
to improve the quality
of images of the moon
taken by the Ranger 7
probe
– Such techniques were
used in other space by the Ranger 7
(2002)

missions probe minutes

before landing
including the Apollo 10
landings A picture of the moon
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History of DIP (cont…)
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1970s: Digital image processing begins
Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing
to be used in medical applications

– 1979: Sir Godfrey N.

Hounsfield & Prof. Allan
M. Cormack share the
Nobel Prize in
medicine for the
invention of
Typical head slice
tomography, the CAT image
technology behind
(2002)

Computerised Axial
Tomography (CAT) 11
scans
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6 1980s - Today: The use of digital image
processing techniques has exploded and
they are now used for all kinds of tasks in
all kinds of areas

– Image enhancement/restoration
– Artistic effects
– Medical visualisation
– Industrial inspection
– Law enforcement
– Human computer interfaces
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Digital image processing focuses on two
major tasks
– Improvement of pictorial information for
human interpretation
– Processing of image data for storage,
transmission and representation for
autonomous machine perception

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Key
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Stages in Digital Image Processing:
of Image Acquisition
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Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing Image Morphologic
Restorati al
on Processing

Image
Segmentati
Enhanceme
on
nt

Image Object
Acquisiti Recognitio
on n

Representati
Problem
on &
Domain Description
Colour Image
(2002)

Image Compressio
Processing n
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Key
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3
Stages in Digital Image Processing:
of Image Enhancement
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Images taken from Gonzalez & Woods, Digital Image Processing Image Morphologic
Restorati al
on Processing

Image
Segmentati
Enhanceme
on
nt

Image Object
Acquisiti Recognitio
on n
Two types of Work Area:
I) Special Domain
II)Frequency Domain Representati
Problem
on &
Domain Description
Colour Image
(2002)

Image Compressio
Processing n
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