ORGANIZATION,

ANALYZATION DATA &

INTERPRETATION OF
DATA
Inference in Research Methodology
Inference is defined as the process of
drawing conclusions based on evidence and
reasoning. It lies at the heart of the
scientific method, for it covers the
principles and methods by which we use
data to learn about observable
phenomena.
Statistical inference is important in order
to analyze data properly. Indeed, proper
data analysis is necessary to interpret
research results and to draw appropriate
conclusions.
When you infer something, you read
between the lines. To infer is to make a
well informed guess. Inference is using
observation and background to reach a
logical conclusion.
EXAMPLE:

If you see someone eating a

new food and he or she makes a
face, then your inference is that
________________________.
EXAMPLE:
If you see someone eating a
new food and he or she makes a
face, then your inference is that
he does not like eating the new
food.
EXAMPLE:

If someone slams a door,

you can infer that
____________________.
EXAMPLE:

If someone slams a door, you

can infer that she is upset
about something.
Infer Patterns and Themes from
the Gathered Data
A code in research methodology is
a short word or phrase describing
the meaning and context of the
whole sentence, phrase or
paragraph. The code makes the
process of data analysis easier.
Codes help quantify qualitative
data and give meaning to raw
A pattern is something that
happens in a regular and repeated
way.
A theme is generated when
similar issues and ideas expressed
by participants within qualitative
data are brought together by the
researcher into a single category
or cluster.
 Infer Data through Thematic
Analysis
There are 6 steps in thematic
analysis. We will discuss in detail in
each step.
1. Familiarization with the data. This
phase involves reading and re-
reading the data, to become
immersed and intimately familiar
with its content.
2. Coding - this phase involves
generating succinct labels (codes)
that identify important features of
the data that might be relevant to
answering the research question. It
involves coding the entire dataset,
and after that, collating all the
codes and all relevant data
extracts, together for later stages
of analysis.
Succinct-briefly & clearly express
3. Searching for Themes. This phase
involves examining the codes and
collated data to identify significant
broader patterns of meaning
(potential themes). It then involves
collating data relevant to each
candidate theme, so that you can
work with the data and review the
viability of each candidate theme.
4. Reviewing themes. This phase
involves checking the candidate
themes against the data set, to
determine if they tell a convincing
story of the data, and one that
answers the research question. In
this phase, themes are typically
refined, which sometimes involves
them being split, combined, or
discarded.
 5. Defining and naming themes. This
phase involves developing a
detailed analysis of each theme,
working out the scope and focus of
each theme, determining the
“story” of each. It also involves
deciding on an informative name
for each theme.
6. Writing Up. This final phase
involves weaving together the
analytic narrative data and extracts
and contextualizing the analysis in
relation to existing literature.
 Here is another example of a transcribed
result of an interview during the Marawi siege.
They were able to come up with varied theme
depending on the questions asked. This is a
result based on one-on-one interview.
VERBATIM TRANSLATION THEME
Q: Para sayo, may Q: How about you, is
nagbago ba? there any changes?
STRONG
A: Para sa akin, hindi. Kasi A: For me, it’s no, FAITH
mas lumakas yung because my faith in God
pananampalataya ko sa became even stronger
Panginoon.
I: Anong natutunan mo I: What have you NOT
matapos ang nangyari? learned after what NEGLECTING
happened?
 VERBATIM TRANSLATION THEME
A: Yung natutunan ko ay, A: I have learned that,
kahit nasa Christian area even though you’re in a THE CULTURAL
ka,wag mo dapat non-Muslim area, you PRACTICE
kalimutan ang relihiyon shouldn’t neglect the
mo at ang mga praktiks practice of your religion
niyo sa relihiyon
Q: Paano mo Q: How would you help
matutulungan yung mga those people who are
katulad mong nakaranas also experiencing the
ng hirap? same?
A: Gusto kong tulungan OFFER THEME
sila sa pamamaraan A: I want to help them
find a job so that they A JOB
natulungan silang
maghanap ngtrabaho para can start their life over
mkapagsimula ulit sa again.
pamumuhay nila.
Complete the table. Think of possible preset
codes/categories/themes for the given
questions. Area of Focus Codes/Categories/
Themes
1. What is the consumers and vendors
perception on the NO PLASTIC POLICY
in Cagayan de Oro City?
2. What is the response of chain-
smokers on the No Smoking
Ordinance in the Province?
3. What is the most common reason
for Students who enrolled in the
Open High School?
4. How effective is the Policy on
Wearing School Uniform?
What is the difference between thematic analysis and
data analysis?

Content analysis focuses on the systematic

classification of data using coding to identify the key
categories issues within it. Thematic analysis focuses
on the search and generation of themes from the
dataset
Content analysis uses a descriptive approach in both
coding of the data and its interpretation of quantitative
counts of the codes (Downe-Wamboldt, 1992; Morgan,
1993). Conversely, thematic analysis provides a purely
qualitative, detailed, and nuanced account of data
(Braun & Clarke, 2006).Mar 11, 2013
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/
Table 1. Processes of data analysis in thematic analysis and qualitative
content analysis
Analysis phases and their descriptions
Thematic analysis (Braun & Clarke, Content analysis (Elo & Kyngäs, 2008:
2006: 87) 110)
Familiarising with data Preparation
Transcribing data, reading and Being immersed in the data and
rereading the data, noting down initial obtaining the sense of whole, selecting
ideas. the unit of analysis, deciding on the
analysis of manifest content or latent
content.
Generating initial codes Organizing
Coding interesting features of the data Open coding and creating categories,
systematically across the entire data grouping codes under higher order
set, collating data relevant to each headings, formulating a general
code. description of the research topic
Searching for themes through generating categories and
Collating codes into potential themes, subcategories as abstracting.
gathering all data relevant to each
potential theme.
Reviewing themes
Checking if the themes work in relation
to the coded extracts and the entire
data set, generating a thematic map.
Defining and naming themes
Ongoing analysis for refining the
specifics of each theme and the overall
story that the analysis tells, generating
clear definitions and names for each
theme.
Producing the report Reporting
The final opportunity for analysis. Reporting the analyzing process and
Selection of vivid, compelling extract the results through models, conceptual
examples, final analysis of selected systems, conceptual map or categories,
extracts, relating back of the analysis and a story line.
to the research question and literature,
producing a report of the analysis.