2-D SCIENCE (PHYSICS)

3RD SEMESTER LESSON 1

 OUTLINE
Part I: we will learn about
the physics of electricity and
electronics.

3rd Semester This includes circuits, Ohm’s law,

resistance, electrical energy, power,
Science and electromagnetism.
(Physics)
Part II: we will learn about the physics
of Energy

This includes food and fuels, energy

and temperature, energy transfer,
energy resources, power, work, and
machines.

Part III: we will learn about the

physics of speed, motion, pressure,
and forces
What is electricity?
 The atom
An atom is a fundamental unit of matter
made up of

protons (with a positive charge)

neutrons (neutral – no charge)
electrons (with a negative charge)
 What is electricity?
Everything is made of atoms which contain
POSITIVE particles called PROTONS and
NEGATIVE particles called ELECTRONS.

Electron (-) Proton (+)

Neutron
An atom will usually have the same number
of positives and negatives
This makes the atom NEUTRAL.

Electron (-) Proton (+)

Neutron
 Electrical Charge
Electric charge is given the symbol

Q
Electrons are the charge carriers
that flow in an electrical circuit –
from the negative to positive
terminals.
 Electrical Charge
Charge is measured in

Coulombs
which is given the symbol

C
 Electrical Charge
The charge on a proton is

1.6 x 10 C -19

which is the same size as the charge on an

electron.
 What is electricity?
Electrons have a negative charge
(Q) measured in coulombs (C).

Electrons move round a circuit from

negative to positive (remember like
charges repel, opposites attract)
giving rise to an electric current.
 r ?
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 Conductors & Insulators
What makes something a good conductor?

Good conductors allow electrons to move

through them easily. Insulators do not
allow electrons to move easily.
 What is electricity?
So electricity is…

movement of charge round a

circuit.

We call this electric current.

 Charge, Current & Time
Electric current is given the symbol

I
Electric current is the movement of
negative charges (electrons) in a
circuit
 Charge, Current & Time
Current is the amount of charge flowing
per second and is given the unit

Amps (A)
 Charge, Current & Time
If
socurrent is charge
a current of 1flowing
A is 1per
C second then
of charge
transferred in 1 s.

Q
I Charge transferred
in coulombs (C)

t
Current in Amps (A)
time in seconds (s)
 Different types of circuit
There are different ways in which you can
connect cells and components (such as
lamps) to create a circuit:

series
parallel
a mixture of both
 Series Circuit
A series circuit has only one electrical path.

You can trace from one side of the battery to

the other, through each component, without
lifting your finger from the page.
 Assignment
Resistor Fuse Battery Ammeter

On an A4 sheet, using the symbols and labels (if

necessary), draw a series circuit system involving five
lamps (bulbs)

Voltmeter Switch Lamp

Cell
Variable resistor
 Successful Circuit Diagrams
On your worksheet you have drawn a circuit
diagram.

To be successful at circuit diagrams:

• use a ruler and pencil
• draw components carefully
• draw wires as straight lines (with corners as
• right angles!)
• make sure all components are correctly draw
• and joined in the circuit.
Notice in this circuit, current is the same at all points
 Series Circuits and Current
We are measuring the current I in a series circuit.

What have we observed?

We find that the current is the same at
all points.

How can this be written mathematically?

I1 = I2 = I3 = I4 and so on
 Quick Quiz
What is a series circuit?
What is the symbol for current?
What are the units of current?
What is the relationship between current and
time?
What do we know about the current in a series
circuit?
How do we measure current?
Draw the symbol for this.
Describe how to measure current in a series
circuit.
Assignment #2

1. What is a parallel circuit?

2. What happens to the total current as you add more

bulbs in a parallel circuit?

3. On an A4 sheet, using the symbols and labels (if

necessary), draw a parallel circuit system involving five
lamps (bulbs)

4. How do you calculate the current in a parallel circuit?

Electric Circuits
How many ways can you
make two light bulbs work?
 A SIMPLE CIRCUIT
SWITCH
CELL

Cl o
se
the
sw
itc
h ,w
ha
th
ap
pe
ns?

LIGHT BULB
 A SIMPLE CIRCUIT

2A 2A 2A

2A 2A 2A
 A Series Circuit

1A 1A 1A

Wh
a
now t hap
? pen
s

1A 1A
1A 1A
A
Parallel W
ha
Circuit th
ap
pe
n s
no
w?
 2A 2A
A Parallel
Circuit

4A 2A 4A 4A

2A 2A

4A 4A 4A
What is electricity?

What is a voltage?

What is a volt?
What is the energy change which takes
place in a battery?

Chemical to Electrical
 When a battery is in a circuit…
The electrical energy is carried by the
electrons that move round the circuit.

It is converted into others forms of

energy.
If there is a bulb in the circuit, it is
converted from

to
The amount of electrical energy the electrons have at any
point in a circuit is known as their “potential”.

As they move the electrons transfer energy into other

forms.

This means at any two points the electron has different

amounts of energy.
Electrons start with (for example) 6J of energy. They have “potential”.

As they pass
through the bulb,
some of the energy
is converted to
light.

Electrons which
have passed
through the bulb
have less energy.
Or less “potential”.

There is a “potential”
difference in the circuit
What has “potential difference” got to
do with voltage?
It is the same thing!

The potential difference (p.d.), or voltage,

of a battery is a measure of the electrical
energy given to one coulomb of charge
passing through the battery.
Potential Difference or Voltage
(V)

A 9 V battery will give how much

energy
to each coulomb of charge passing
through the battery?

9J
 Voltage or p.d.
Voltage (or p.d.) is measured in

volts
and is given the symbol

V
 Summary of Units
Quantity Symbol Units Symbol
charge Q coulombs C

time t seconds s

current I amperes A

voltage V volts V
 How can we measure voltage?
Voltage (or p.d.) can be measured using a
voltmeter.
V
An ammeter is connected in the circuit
but a voltmeter must be connected across
the component.
 You can’t measure voltage…
in a circuit

through a circuit

through a component

flowing
 Resistors
The symbol for a resistor is
 Resistors

Resistors oppose (or resist) the

flow of electric current. They have a
property called resistance (R)
which
is measured in ohms (Ω).
 What is the relationship between
current and voltage in a resistor?
Current is measured using an ammeter.
Voltage is measured using a voltmeter.

Investigation: relationship between

current and voltage in a resistor.
 Relationship between current and
voltage in a resistor
I / Amps

Straight line through

the origin tells us that
current is

directly proportional to
voltage

The ratio V/I is constant

and is equal to resistance
p.d. / in the circuit.
Volts
 Relationship between current and
voltage in a resistor

V
is approximately constant
I
The constantis resistanceR
V
R
I
Relationship between current and
voltage in a resistor
V
R Ohm’s Law
I

V IR
 Resistors

cell
What do you expect
to happen to the current
A if you increase the value
of the resistor in the
circuit shown?

lamp
resistor
 Calculate
For a voltage of 12V, calculate the
current for a resistant of

(i) 1 Ω
(ii) 2 Ω
(iii)4 Ω
(iv)24 Ω
(v) 1 k Ω
 Varying Resistance
The opposition to current or resistance of
a material (measured in Ω) depends on
- type of material (the better the conductor,
the lower the resistance)
- length of material (the longer the material,
the higher the resistance)
- thickness of material (the thinner the
material, the higher the resistance)
- temperature of material (the higher the
temperature, the higher the resistance)
 Varying Resistance
The relationship between length of the
material and resistance allows us to
make
a
variable resistor (or rheostat).
 Uses of Variable Resistors?
Variable resistors can be used

• as volume or brightness controls on

televisions
• volume control on MP3 players
• light dimmer switches.
 Measuring Resistance
We can find the resistance of a
component by measuring

voltage across the component using

a voltmeter

current through the component using

an ammeter
 Measuring Resistance
or we can measure it directly using an
ohmmeter

Ω
Demonstration & experiment
 What are appliances
Electrical the energy change
changes
taking place
electrical in these
energy into other
appliances?
forms.
 Permanent Magnets

A magnetic field is the region around a

magnet in which a magnetic force can be
detected.
Magnetic Field Around a Current Carry
Wire

What happens when the direction of the

current is reversed?

The direction of the magnetic field is

reversed.
 Electromagnets
When an electric current passes through a
wire which is coiled around an iron core, the
core becomes magnetised and an
electromagnet is produced.

When an a.c. current is used, the current

changed direction and so the magnetic field
changes direction.
How is an electromagnet constructed?

A conducting wire is wound round an iron core.

When a current passes through the

conductor there is a magnetic field around
the conductor. By wrapping it round a soft
iron core, the magnetic field is concentrated.
 How can the strength of an
electromagnet be increased?
By increasing the current through the
coil.

By increasing the number of turns on the

coil of wire.
 What are the advantages of an
electromagnet over a permanent
magnet?
The electromagnet can be switched off.

The magnetic field strength can be varied

(how?)

The electromagnet provides a much stronger

magnet field for the same size than a
permanent magnet.
 Electromagnetic Induction

What happens when a wire is moved in a

magnetic field?

A voltage is created – or induced. For this

reason we call this electromagnetic
induction.
 Electromagnetic Induction
What happens when a permanent magnet
is moved towards or away from a coil of
wire?
 What do we know so far?
When a current passes through a coil of
wire, there is a magnetic field around the
wire.

Changing direction of the current changes

the direction of the magnetic field.
 What do we know so far?
When we move a wire in a magnetic field,
voltage is induced.

When we move a magnet in a coil of wire,

a voltage is induced.

What do we have in common? Changing

magnetic field leading to electricity!