WELCOME

TO OUR

MATHEMATICS

PRESENTATION

ON FUNCTION
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Foremost, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to Mr. Ashok Badaila whose extensive knowledge,
patience, enthusiasm, motivation and logical thinking have been a great asset to this presentation. We sincerely
thank to our AB sir for his guidance, support and encouragement throughout the entire period of this
presentation.

With the same respect, we would like to express our immense gratitude to National School of Sciences (NSS)
for giving us the opportunity to learn more practically beyond classroom knowledge.

Further, we would like to extend our gratitude to all mathematics teachers and HOD of mathematics of our
National School of Sciences.
 CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION
2. BACKGROUND
3. CONTENT
 FUNCTION
 DOMAIN
 CO-DOMAIN
 RANGE
 TYPES OF FUNCTION
 FUNCTION OF REAL VARIABLE
 ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL FUNCTION
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF FUNCTION
 USE/APPLICATION OF FUNCTION IN REAL LIFE
 IMPORTANCE OF FUNCTION
4. CONCLUSION
 INTRODUCTION
In the real world, a quantity depends on other quantities. For example : area of a circle depends on its
radius, population of a country depends on time, volume of cylinder depends on its weight and its
radius, etc. These type of dependency or relationships or correspondence can be mathematically
described using function. Thus mathematical function are everywhere.

Now in this presentation, we will introduce the fundamentals of functions. We discuss various types of
functions and discuss some commonly used functions, logarithmic function, trigonometric function,
and their properties.
 BACKGROUND
The concept of a function in mathematics has a long and rich history. It is rightly considered as one of the
most important in all mathematics. It has evolved over time and has been shaped by the contributions of
various mathematics. Ancient Greek mathematics, such as Euclid and Archimedes, worked with
geometric curves and explored relationships between quantities. However, it was not until the Islamic
Golden Age in the Middle Ages that the concept of a function began to emerge. The concept of a function
as a mathematical object in its own right started to take shape in the 18 th century. Leonhard Euler played
a crucial role in this development by formalizing the notion of a function and introducing the modern
notation we use today. In the early 20th century, the foundations of modern function theory were
established. Mathematicians like Henri Lebesgue, David Hilbert, and Emmy Noether made significant
contributions to the study of functions. These developments expanded the scope of functions and their
applications in various areas of mathematics.
 CONTENTS
Function
Let A andisBfunction?
What be any two non-empty sets then a function f from set A to set B is a relation which associates each
element in A with a unique element B. It is denoted by f:A .

The elements of A is called the pre-image of the function.

Here in the following figure the pre-image is A.
. the image of the function.
The corresponding elements of B is called
The image in the following figure is B{a,b,c}

Condition required to be function

 Each and every element of set A must be mapped with each element of set B.
 One element of set A should be mapped with one element of set B.
Example:

A function Not a function

 A function Not a function

Domain of function
The set A or set of all element of the first set is called domain of function. It is denoted by dom(f) and
defined by
dom(f){1,2,3}A

Co-domain of function
The set B or set of all elements of second set is called co-domain of function. It is defined by
Co-domain(f){a,b,c}B
Range of function
The set of all elements of set B that are mapped with the set A is called range of function. It is denoted by R(f)
then R(f){f(x):xA}.
Therefore, R(f) is a subset of co-domain of function.

Types of function
1.One to one function: A function f:AB is said to be one to one function if distinct element of set A have distinct
image in set B.
i.e. Let x1 and x2 A.
Then, f(x1)f(x2)x2
a
And,x1x2f(x1)f(x2) 4
b
It is also known as injective function. c

2. Onto function: A function f:AB is said to be onto function if every elements of set B has at least one pre-image
in set A (or co-domain). It is also known as surjective function.

a
1
b
2
c
Bijective function
If a function f:AB is both injective and surjective then it is called bijective function.

Inverse function
If a function f:AB is both injective and surjective function then a function from BA which associates each
element in B with a unique element of A. It is denoted by f -1:B.

Composite function
If f:AB and g:BC be any two functions defined from A B and B respectively then the new function defined
from AC is called composite function. It is denoted by gof or gf and it is also written as gof(x)g{f(x)} and
fog(x)f{g(x)}.

Function of Real Variables

1. Polynomial function: A function f:RR defined by
f(x)a0xn1
where the coefficients a0,a1, ,an are real numbers, for each xR,
is called polynomial function of degree n , n be non negative integer.
 Y
y
2. Identity function: A function f:RR defined by f(x)x for each xR is
called an identity function.
X
Y Identity function
3. Zero function: A function f:RR defined by f(x)0 for each xR is called
zero function .
f(x)
X
4. Constant function: A function f:RR defined by f(x)c, for each xR, is Zero function
Y
is called a constant function.
f(x)
c
X
5. Linear function: A function f:RR defined by f(x)axb; a, b R, a are
constants and x R is called a linear function. Y Constant function
f(x)x

(-1,0) (0,1)
X
l
X
Linear function
6. Quadratic function: A function f:RR defined by f(x) axbxc;
a, b, c are real constants a0 and xR is called quadratic function.

Quadratic function

7. Cubic function: A function f:RR defined by f(x)ax3bx2cxd;

a, b, c, d are real constants a0, xR, is called a cubic function.

Cubic function
8. Greatest integer function: Let x be real number. We define [x] to be the
greatest integer nZ such that nx. Then, a function f:RR given by
f(x)[x] is called the greatest integer function.

Greatest integer function

 Y
9. Modulus or absolute value function: Modulus function, denoted by f(x), is
y-x yx
defined as,
f(x) for x0
for x0.
X
10. Signum function: Signum function denoted by f(x)sgn (x), is defined
as, Modulus function
f(x)sgn(x)

So, f(x)sgn(x) for x 0

11. Rational function: If p(x) and q(x) are two polynomial function, then
f(x) ; q(x), is said to be a for
rational
x0 function.
for x
for x 0
Signum function
 12. Algebraic function: A function f is called algebraic function if the function f can be
constructed using operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, taking roots on the
polynomials.

13. Equal function: Two functions f and g are said to be equal if

a. domain of fdomain of g.
b. f(x)g(x), for all x in domain of f and g.

ELEMENTARY TRANSCENDENTAL
FUNCTIONS
The functions which are not algebraic are called transcendental function. Such functions are wide class of
functions and include well known functions, such as trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions,
exponential and logarithmic functions, hyperbolic function, etc. Some of the functions are defines below:
Trigonometric Functions
The trigonometric function consists of six functions; sin x, cos x, tan x, cosec x, sec x and cot x which we
know from the elementary level. The trigonometric functions are defined as follows:
Sine Function
A function f:RR defined by f(x)sin x, xR, is called a sine function.
The range of the sine function[-1,1].

Cosine Function
A function f:RR defined by f(x)cos x, xR, is called a cosine function.
The range of the cosine function is [-1,1].
Tangent Function
A function f:R-{(2kR defined by f(x)tan x, xR-{(2k1), kI}, is called a tangent function. The range of
tangent function is R.

Cotangent Function
A function f:R-{kR defined by f(x)cot x, xR-{k:kI} is called a cotangent function. The range of cotangent
function is R.
Secant Function
A function f:R-{(2k1), kI}R defined by f(x)sec x, xR-{(2k1), kI} is called a secant function. The range of the
secant function is R-(-1,1).

Cosecant Function
A function f:R-{k:kI}R defined by f(x)cosec x,
xR-{k:kI} is called a cosecant function. The range of the
cosecant function is R-(-1,1).
Exponential function
Any function of the form yax where a0, a0 and xR is called an exponential function. The domain of an
exponential function is R(-,). The range of an exponential function is R0,).
The function yex is also called the natural exponential function
where e is called the irrational function and Euler’s number then
e2.718281

Application of exponential function

 Exponential functions are useful in modeling many physical phenomena such as populations, interest
rates, radioactive decay and the amount of medicine in the bloodstream.
 To know spread of a disease in a pandemic.
 Cooling of liquid.
 Growth of cells.
Logarithmic Function
The inverse of an exponential function is called the logarithmic function which is denoted by log ax. Domain
of logarithmic function is R[0,) and range of logarithmic function is R(-,).
There are two types of logarithmic function. They are:
 Common log
Common logarithmic is a logarithmic to the base 10.
i.e. log10log
 Natural log
Natural logarithmic is a logarithmic to the base e.
i.e. logeln
Properties of logarithms
For x, yRa0, b0 and pR, we have
1. loga(xy)logaxlogay
2. logalogaxlogay
3. logaxpp logax
4. logaxlogab . logbx
5. logaa1
6. loga10
7. logaaxx
8. alogaxx
Application of logarithmic function
 To find the compound interest, exponential growth and decay.
 To find the pH level of substance.
 To know the magnitude of an earthquake.
 To measure sound.
 Brightness of stars.
Hyperbolic Function
Hyperbolic functions refer to the exponential functions that share similar properties to trigonometric
functions. It is used to solve engineering problems.
 ADVANTAGES OF FUNCTION
1. Functions provide a fundamental concept in mathematics that serves as a building block for
various mathematical topics, including calculus, algebra and more.
2. Functions are used to model and analyze real world phenomenon, such as population growth,
economic trends and physical processes, helping to make predictions and understand
relationships between variables.
3. Function offer a powerful tool for problem solving, allowing mathematicians and scientists to
represent and manipulate relationships between quantities in a structured and systematic way.
4. Studying function develops analytical skills, including the ability to analyze and interpret
graphs identify patterns and make predictions based on mathematical models.

DISADVANTAGES OF FUNCTION
5. Function notations, such as f(x), g(x) or yf(x), might seen confusing at first and can be
overwhelming for students who are not yet comfortable with algebraic expressions.
6. Understanding functions often involves visualizing graphs, which can be difficult for some
learners.
7. Function can be represented in various forms such as equations, tables and graphs. Switching
between those representatives may confuse students.
8. Non-linear functions introduce complexities that may be challenging for some students,
especially when dealing with concepts like discontinuities or inverse function.
 USES/APPLICATION OF FUNCTION IN REAL LIFE

 Finance and Economics: Function are extensively used in finance and economics to model
relationships such as interest rates, profit functions, cost functions, supply and demand curves and
investment growth. For example: Compound interest can be modeled using exponential function.
 Medicine and Biology: Functions are employed in medicine and biology to model physiological
processes such as heart rate over time, population growth of organisms, drug concentration in body
overtime and the spread of diseases in a population. Also function help in understanding biological
systems and designing treatment.
 Technology and Communication: Function play a vital role in technology and communication
systems. In computer graphics, function is used to generate and manipulate images and animations.
 Transportation and urban planning: Function is used in transportation and urban planning to model
traffic flow, optimize transportation networks and design efficient public transportation systems.
 Environmental Science: Function is employed in environmental science to model phenomenon such
as air and water pollution, climate change, ecological interactions and natural resource
management. Function help in understanding complex environmental systems and making
informed decisions about conservation and sustainability.
 IMPORTANCE OF FUNCTION

A function can represent a majority of the world events. Function are incredibly important for
several reasons. Some of them are:
1. Problem Solving: It provides a systematic way to solve complex problems by breaking them
down into smaller, more manageable parts.
2. Universal Language: It serve as a universal language in mathematics allowing us to
communicate ideas, share concepts and collaboration.
3. Physics: Quadratic functions are used to describe motion, force, energy and other physical
phenomenon. With the help of quadratic function physicists can calculate the objects max height,
flight duration and velocity.
4. Biology: Exponential function play a crucial role in population growth, radioactive decay,
compound interest and other exponential processes.
5. Engineering field: Trigonometric functions like sine, cosine and tangent are fundamental in
engineering for analyzing periodic phenomenon, vibrations, etc.
 CONCLUSION
 Difference between relation and function.

Relation Function

 A relation is a set of ordered pairs  Let A and B be any two non-empty sets
defining the relation between two sets. then a function f from set A to set B is a
relation which associates each element
in A with a unique element B.
 All relations are not function.  All functions are relations.
 They are denoted by “R”.  Function is denoted by letters such as
“f”, “g” or “h”.
 Difference between graph and function.

Graph Function
 A graph is geometrical representation.  Let A and B be any two non-empty
sets then a function f from set A to set
B is a relation which associates each
element in A with a unique element B.
 Graphs provide a visual representation of  Functions are used to describe
these relationships, aiding in understanding mathematical relationships between
patterns, trends, and behaviors of functions variables and are extensively used in
or relations. modeling various phenomena in
science, engineering, economics, etc.
 Graphs can represent various relationships,  Functions can be linear, quadratic,
including functions, but they can also exponential, trigonometric, etc.,
represent non-functional relationships, such depending on their algebraic form.
as circles, parabolas, ellipses, etc.
 Difference between logarithmic and exponential function.

Logarithmic function Exponential function

 The domain of logarithmic functions is the  The domain of exponential functions is all
set of positive real numbers. real numbers.
 The range of logarithmic functions is all real  The range of exponential functions is all
numbers. positive real numbers.

 Difference between hyperbolic function and trigonometric function.

Hyperbolic Function Trigonometric Function

 Hyperbolic functions (like sin, cos, and tan)  Trigonometric functions (like sine, cosine,
are defined in terms of exponentials. and tangent) are defined based on ratios of
 Hyperbolic functions are not periodic. sides in a right triangle.
 Trigonometric functions are periodic.
 What does mapping mean in function?
Mapping means to show how the elements in each set are paired in function.

At last, this presentation describe how the function behaves under different conditions, such as
its domain, range, continuity, differentiability, symmetry, periodicity, and any other relevant
properties. Explore real-world applications or contexts where the function is used, and discuss
its significance or relevance in those situations.
Overall, the conclusion of a function analysis should provide a comprehensive understanding
of its behavior, properties, and significance, drawing upon mathematical principles and real-
world applications.
THANK YOU