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2 Levels of Measurement

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13 views24 pages

2 Levels of Measurement

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sriyogesh223
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U18AII5202 – EXPLORATORY DATA

ANALYSIS AND VISUALIZATION

UNIT I – ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES


TOPIC: LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT

UNIT I - INTRODUCTION TO ADVANCED DATA MODELING


Levels of Measurement

● Levels of measurement, also called scales of measurement, tell


you how precisely variables are recorded.
● In scientific research, a variable is anything that can take on
different values across your data set (e.g., height or test scores).
Levels of Measurement
There are 4 levels of measurement:
● Nominal: the data can only be categorized
● Ordinal: the data can be categorized and ranked
● Interval: the data can be categorized, ranked, and evenly spaced
● Ratio: the data can be categorized, ranked, evenly spaced, and has a natural
zero.
Nominal
● The nominal scale simply categorizes variables according to qualitative labels
(or names).
● These labels and groupings don’t have any order or hierarchy to them, nor do
they convey any numerical value.
● A nominal scale is the 1st level of measurement scale in which the numbers
serve as “tags” or “labels” to classify or identify the objects.
Characteristics of Nominal Scale
● A nominal scale variable is classified into two or more categories.
● In this measurement mechanism, the answer should fall into either of the
classes.
● It is qualitative. The numbers are used here to identify the objects.
● The numbers don’t define the object characteristics. The only permissible
aspect of numbers in the nominal scale is “counting.”
Example
An example of a nominal scale measurement is:

What is your gender?

M- Male

F- Female

Here, the variables are used as tags, and the answer to this question should be either M or F.
Ordinal
● The ordinal scale also categorizes variables into labeled groups, and
these categories have an order or hierarchy to them.
● The ordinal scale is the 2nd level of measurement that reports the
ordering and ranking of data without establishing the degree of
variation between them.
● Ordinal represents the “order.” Ordinal data is known as qualitative
data or categorical data.
● It can be grouped, named and also ranked.
Characteristics of the Ordinal Scale
● The ordinal scale shows the relative ranking of the variables
● It identifies and describes the magnitude of a variable
● Along with the information provided by the nominal scale, ordinal
scales give the rankings of those variables
● The interval properties are not known
● The surveyors can quickly analyze the degree of agreement concerning
the identified order of variables
Example
● Ranking of school students – 1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc.
● Ratings in restaurants
● Evaluating the frequency of occurrences
○ Very often
○ Often
○ Not often
○ Not at all
● Assessing the degree of agreement
○ Totally agree
○ Agree
○ Neutral
○ Disagree
○ Totally disagree
Interval
● The interval scale is a numerical scale which labels and orders
variables, with a known, evenly spaced interval between each of the
values.
● The interval scale is the 3rd level of measurement scale. It is defined
as a quantitative measurement scale in which the difference between
the two variables is meaningful.
● In other words, the variables are measured in an exact manner, not as
in a relative way in which the presence of zero is arbitrary.
Characteristics of Interval Scale
● The interval scale is quantitative as it can quantify the difference
between the values
● It allows calculating the mean and median of the variables
● To understand the difference between the variables, you can subtract
the values between the variables
● The interval scale is the preferred scale in Statistics as it helps to
assign any numerical values to arbitrary assessment such as feelings,
calendar types, etc.
Example
● A commonly-cited example of interval data is temperature in
Fahrenheit, where the difference between 10 and 20 degrees
Fahrenheit is exactly the same as the difference between, say, 50 and
60 degrees Fahrenheit.
Ratio
● The ratio scale is exactly the same as the interval scale, with one key
difference: The ratio scale has what’s known as a “true zero.”
● The ratio scale is the 4th level of measurement scale, which is
quantitative.
● It is a type of variable measurement scale. It allows researchers to
compare the differences or intervals.
● The ratio scale has a unique feature. It possesses the character of the
origin or zero points.
Characteristics of Ratio Scale
● Ratio scale has a feature of absolute zero
● It doesn’t have negative numbers, because of its zero-point feature
● It affords unique opportunities for statistical analysis. The variables
can be orderly added, subtracted, multiplied, divided. Mean, median,
and mode can be calculated using the ratio scale.
Example
● A good example of ratio data is weight in kilograms.
● If something weighs zero kilograms, it truly weighs nothing—
compared to temperature (interval data), where a value of zero degrees
doesn’t mean there is “no temperature,” it simply means it’s extremely
cold.
Difference between interval and ratio
● The difference between interval vs ratio scale comes from
their ability to dip below zero. Interval scales hold no true
zero and can represent values below zero. For example, you
can measure temperatures below 0 degrees Celsius, such as -
10 degrees.
● Ratio variables, on the other hand, never fall below zero.
Height and weight measure from 0 and above, but never fall
below it.
Example of a variable at 2 levels of
measurement
● You can measure the variable of income at an ordinal or ratio level.
● Ordinal level: You create brackets of income ranges: $0–$19,999,
$20,000–$39,999, and $40,000–$59,999. You ask participants to select
the bracket that represents their annual income. The brackets are coded
with numbers from 1–3.
● Ratio level: You collect data on the exact annual incomes of your
participants.
Example of a variable at 2 levels of
measurement
SUMMARY

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