1

MODULE-3
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
AND
SYNCHRONOUSSINGLE MOTOR PHASE
INDUCTION
A MOTORS
synchronous motor is electrically identical with an alternator or a.c. generator.
Most synchronous motors are rated between 150 kW and 15 MW and run at speeds
ranging from 150 to 1800 r.p.m.
characteristic features of a synchronous motor

1.It runs either at synchronous speed or not, and can change its speed to vary the
supply frequency Ns = 120 f / P).
2.It is not inherently self-starting. It has to be run upto synchronous (or near
synchronous) speed by some means,before it can be synchronized to the supply.
3.It is capable of being operated under a wide range of power factors, both lagging
and leading. Hence, it can be used for power correction purposes, in addition to
supplying torque to drive loads.

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

When a 3- ɸ winding is fed by a 3- ɸ supply, then a magnetic flux of constant

magnitude but rotating at synchronous speed, is produced.Consider a two-pole
stator of Fig.in which are shown two stator poles (marked Ns and Ss ) rotating at
synchronous speed in clockwise direction.
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The two similar poles, N (of rotor) and Ns (of stator) as well as S and Ss will repel
each other, with the result that the rotor tends to rotate in the anticlockwise
direction.
But half a period later, stator poles, having rotated around, interchange their
positions i.e. Ns is at point B and Ss at point A . Under these conditions, Ns attracts
S and Ss attracts N. Hence, the rotor tends to rotate clockwise (which is just the
reverse of the first direction).
The rotor is subjected to torque which tends to move it first in one direction and then
in
the opposite direction. Due to its large inertia, the rotor cannot instantaneously
respond to such quickly-reversing torque, with the result that it remains stationary.
Now, consider the condition shown in figure the stator and rotor poles are attracting
each
other. Suppose that the rotor is not stationary, but is rotating clockwise, with such a
speed that it turns through one pole-pitch by the time the stator poles interchange
their positions. Here, again the stator and rotor poles attract each other.
ie- if the rotor poles also shift their positions along with the stator poles, then they
will continuously experience a unidirectional torque i.e., clockwise torque, as shown
in Fig-(b)

METHOD OF STARTING
The unexcited rotor is speeded up to synchronous / near synchronous speed by
some arrangement and then excited by the d.c. source. The moment this (near)
synchronously rotating rotor is excited, it is magnetically locked into position with
the stator. i.e., the rotor poles are engaged with the stator poles and both run
synchronously in the same direction.

The synchronous speed Ns = 120 f / P.

The working of a synchronous motor is similar to the transmission of mechanical

power by a shaft. In Fig two pulleys P and Q transmitting power from the driver to
the load. The two pulleys are keyed together hence they run at exactly the same
speed. When Q is loaded, it slightly drops the shaft twist angle to “ α ” in the
motor, the angle of twist is a measure of the torque transmitted.
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As the load on the motor is increased, the rotor progressively tends to fall back
in phase by some angle α but it still continues to run synchronously. The value of
this load angle α or coupling angle depends on the amount of load to be met by the
motor.
If Q is so heavily loaded as to break the coupling, both pulleys must run at exactly
the same speed.The torque developed by the motor depends on this angle, α

MOTOR ON LOAD WITH CONSTANT EXCITATION

In a synchronous machine, a back e.m.f. Eb is set up in the armature (stator) by the
rotor flux which opposes the applied voltage V . This back e.m.f. depends on rotor
excitation only. The net voltage in the armature (stator) is the vector difference of V
and Eb. Armature current is obtained by dividing this vector difference of voltages
by armature impedance.
When a d.c. the motor is running on a supply of V volts then, on rotating, a back
e.m.f. Eb is set up in its armature conductors. The resultant voltage across the
armature is (V - Eb) and it causes an armature current Ia = (V - Eb)/ Ra to flow
where Ra is armature circuit resistance.

The mechanical power developed in armature depends on Eb Ia.

Fig. shows the condition when the motor is running on no-load and has no losses and
is having field excitation which makes Eb = V .

The vector difference of Eb and V is zero and so is the armature current. Motor
intake is zero, as there is neither load nor losses to be met by it. ie, the motor just
Floats.
If the motor is on no-load, but it has losses, then the vector for Eb falls back by a
certain small angle α so that a resultant voltage ER and hence current Ia is
brought into existence, which supplies losses.If the motor is loaded, then its rotor
will further fall back in phase by a greater value of angle α called the load angle or
coupling angle.The resultant voltage ER is increased and the motor draws an
increased armature current, though at a slightly decreased power factor.
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POWER FLOW WITHIN A SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

Let
Ra = armature resistance /
phase ; Xs = synchronous the
reactance / phase Zs = Ra + j n
Xs ;
Ia = ER/Zs = (Eb- V) /
TheVangle
Zs = Ebα+(byIaZs)
which Ia lags behind ER is given
by
tan α = Xs /
Ra. - per
If Ra is negligible, then α = 90º. phase
Motor input P = V Ia
Total input P for a Y, 3-phase machine is, P = 1.73×V LIL cos ɸ.
cos
The mechanical applied
ɸ Here, V is voltage / phase.
power developed in the rotor
Pm = back e.m.f. × armature current × cosine of the angle between Ia and
Eb reversed.
= Eb Ia cos (α − ɸ) -
per phase
Out of this power developed, some would go to meet iron and friction and
excitation losses Hence, the power available at the shaft

Pm = P - Ia2 R a per phase

= V Ia cos ɸ − Ia2 R a as mechanical power in

rotor; power input / phase of the motor is P = Pm +
IaRa

For three phases Pm = 1.73 ×VLIL cos ɸ - 3 Ia2Ra

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POWER STAGES IN SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

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POWER DEVELOPED BY A SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

From the phasor

diagram AB = Eb sinα =
Ia XsCos ɸ
Or V Ia Cos ɸ= (EbV sin per phase
α ) /Xs 3 phase (V Ia cos ɸ = motor power
=3(EbV
Since stator Cu losses sin input/phase
have been neglected, )
Pin also represents the gross
α
mechanical power ) /Xs
{Pm} developed by the motor.

∴Pin =3(EbV sin α ) /Xs

The gross torque developed by the motor is Tg = 9.55Pm/Ns N-m (Ns
in rpm)

SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR WITH DIFFERENT EXCITATIONS

A synchronous motor is said to have normal excitation when its Eb = V . If field

excitation is such that Eb < V , the motor is said to be under-excited. In both fig
(1&2), it has a lagging power factor.

If d.c. Field excitation is such that Eb > V , then the motor is said to be over-
excited and draws a leading current, as shown in Fig.(3). There will be some value of
excitation for which armature current will be in phase with V , so that power factor
will become unity, as shown in fig4
(i) Lagging p.f. As seen from Fig(a)
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AC2= AB 2 + BC2 = [V − ERcos (θ − φ)]2 + [ER sin (θ − φ)]2

Eb2 = [V-IaZs cos (θ − φ)]2 + [IaZs sin (θ − φ)]2
Load angle α = tan-1(BC/AB) =tan-1 { [ IaZs sin (θ − φ)] / [V-IaZs cos (θ − φ)] }
(ii)Leading p.f. fig (b)
Eb = V + Ia Zs cos [180º − (θ + φ)] + j Ia Zs sin [180º − (θ + φ)]
α = tan-1 { Ia Zs sin [180º − (θ + φ)] / V + Ia Zs cos [180º − (θ + φ)] }
(iii)Unity p.f. Fig(c)
Here, OB = Ia Ra and BC = Ia Xs
∴ Eb = (V − Ia Ra) + j Ia Xs ; α = tan-1 { IaZs / ( V-IaRa) }

Effect of Increased Load with Constant Excitation

1. As load on the motor increases,, Ia increases regardless of excitation.
2.For under-and over-excited motors, power factor tends to approach unity with
increase in load.
3. Both with under-and over-excitation, change in p.f. is greater than in Ia with
increase in load.
4.With normal excitation when load is increased change in Ia is greater than in p.f.
which tends to become increasingly lagging
Effect of Changing Excitation on Constant Load
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As shown in Fig.(a), suppose a synchronous motor is operating with normal

excitation (Eb = V ) at unity p.f. with a given load.
If Ra is negligible as compared to Xs, then Ia lags Er by 90º and is in phase with V
because p.f. is unity.
The armature is drawing a power of VIa per phase which is enough to meet the
mechanical load on the motor.
The effect of decreasing or increasing the field excitation with constant load are as
follows
(a) Excitation Decreased
As shown in Fig.(b), decrease in excitation, back e.m.f. is reduced to Eb1 at the
same load angle α1. The resultant voltage Er1 causes a lagging armature current
Ia1 to flow. Power VIa for carrying the constant load because VIa1cosϕ1 < VIa.
Hence, it becomes necessary for the load angle to increase from α1 to α2. It
increases back
e.m.f. from Eb1 to Eb2 which increases resultant voltage from Er1 to Er2.
Armature current increases to Ia2 whose in-phase component produces enough
power VIa2cosϕ2 to meet the constant load on the motor.

(b)Excitation Increased
The effect of increasing field excitation in Fig.(c) increased Eb1 at the original
load angle α1. The resultant voltage Er1 causes a leading current Ia1 whose in-
phase component is larger than Ia. Hence, the armature develops more power than
the load on the motor.
Load angle decreases from α1 to α2 which decreases resultant voltage from Er1 to
Er2. Consequently, armature current decreases from Ia1 to Ia2 whose in-phase
component Ia2cosϕ2
= Ia. In that case, the armature develops power sufficient to carry the constant load
on the motor.
Ie variations in the excitation of a synchronous motor running with a given load
produce variations in its load angle only.

DIFFERENT TORQUES OF A SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

1. starting torque
2. running torque
3. pull-in torque and
4. pull-out torque

(a) Starting Torque ( breakaway torque )

The torque developed by the motor when full voltage is applied to its stator
(armature) winding.Its value may be as low as 10% of full-load torque in the
centrifugal pumps and as high as 200 to 250% of full-load torque as in the case of
loaded reciprocating two-cylinder compressors.

(b) Running Torque

The torque developed by the motor under running conditions. It is determined by
the horse-power and speed of the driven machine. The motor must have a break-
down or a maximum running torque greater than this value in order to avoid
stalling.
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(c) Pull-in Torque

A synchronous motor is started as an induction motor till it runs 2 to 5% below the
synchronous speed. Afterwards, excitation is switched on and the rotor pulls into
step with the synchronously- rotating stator field. The amount of torque at which
the motor will pull into step is called the pull-in torque.

(d) Pull-out Torque

The maximum torque which the motor can develop without pulling out of step or
synchronism is called the pull-out torque.
Normally, when load on the motor is increased, its rotor progressively tends to fall
back in phase by some angle (called load angle) behind the synchronously-revolving
stator magnetic field though it keeps running synchronously. Any further increase in
load will cause the motor to pull out of step (or synchronism) and stop.

EFFECT OF EXCITATION ON ARMATURE CURRENT

& POWER FACTOR AT CONSTANT LOAD

One of the most important features of a synchronous motor is that by changing the
field excitation, it can be made to operate from lagging to leading power factor.
Consider a synchronous motor connected to a constant load. Since the mechanical
load and input supply voltage is constant, the power input to the motor (= 1.73×VLIL
cos ɸ.) is also constant. This means that component (I cos ɸ) will remain constant.
If the field excitation is changed, back e.m.f Eb also changes. Fig. above shows the
phasor diagram of the synchronous motor for different values of field excitation.
(i) Under excitation
The motor is said to be under-excited if the field excitation is such that Eb < V. This is
shown in figure(i). Er is obtained by the vector difference of Eb & V. The armature
current I lags behind Er
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by an angle θ (θ is the internal angle= tan-1 ( Xs / Ra) and its value is constant
since it depends on stator constants)..Since value of θ is nearly 90 degree, the
armature current I lags behind supply voltage V . Hence the motor runs on lagging
pf.

(ii) Normal excitation

The motor is said to be normally excited if the field excitation is such that Eb = V.
This is shown in Fig. (ii)). Er is obtained by vector difference Eb of & V. Due to
increased field excitation compared to underexcited condition, Er moves in
anticlockwise direction. The armature current I lags Behind behind Er by an angle θ
.Now the armature current I will lag behind input voltage V by a small angle. So the
power factor is increased and armature current is reduced.But (I cos ɸ) remains
constant.
Suppose the field excitation is increased until the current I is in phase with the
applied voltage V. Now the synchronous motor runs at unity power factor as in Fig.
(iii). At unity power factor the armature current I is minimum.

(iii) Over excitation

The motor is said to be over excited if the field excitation is such that Eb > V. This
is shown in Fig. (iv). Er is obtained by vector difference Eb of & V. Due to increased
field excitation compared to unity power factor condition, Er moves in anticlockwise
direction. The armature current I lags behind Er by an angle θ..Now the armature
current I will lead input voltage V by small angle. So the power factor is decreased
and armature current is increased. But (I cos ɸ) remains constant.

V CURVE & INVERTED V CURVES

V curve is a plot of the armature current versus field current for different constant
loads. Since the shape of these curves is similar to the letter “V”, they are called V
curve of synchronous motors.
Let us assume that the motor is running at constant load. If the field current is
increased from this small value, the armature current “I” decreases until the
armature current becomes minimum. At this minimum point, the motor is
operating at unity power factor. In this region, the motor operates at a lagging
power factor.If the field current is increased further, the armature current increases
and the motor starts operating at the leading power factor.
If the graph is drawn between armature current and field current at constant load,
we obtain a V shaped curve. If this procedure is repeated for various loads, a family
of V curves is obtained.

The V curves of a synchronous motor are shown

below:
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1

The locus of constant power factor points on the V curve are called Compounding
Curves. Inverted V curve is a plot of power factor versus field current for different
constant loads. Since the shape of these curves is similar to the letter “inverted V”
they are called inverted V curve of synchronous motor
Let us assume that the motor is running at constant load. If the field current is
increased from this small value, the power factor changes from lagging power factor
to unity power factor.If the field current is increased further, the power factor
reduces and the motor starts operating at leading power factor.
If the graph is drawn between power factor and field current at constant load, we
obtain an inverted V shaped curve. If this procedure is repeated for various loads, a
family of inverted V curves is obtained.
The Inverted V curves of a synchronous motor are shown below:
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2

SYNCHRONOUS CONDENSER

A synchronous motor takes a leading current when over-excited and, therefore,

behaves as a capacitor.. An over-excited synchronous motor running on no-load is
known as synchronous condenser. When such a machine is connected in parallel
with induction motors or other devices that operate at a low lagging pf of the
system is improved.

Consider a power system with most of the loads being lagging nature. The current
taken by the loads from the system under this condition is I L and which is lagging
by an angle of θ L
If we are connecting a synchronous condenser in the system as shown in figure, it
takes a leading current Im by an angle of θm from the system. Then the resultant
current taken from the system becomes I at an angle of θ . So we can see that the
pf of the system has improved . The use of synchronous condenser is restricted
nowadays due to ::
1. High initial cost.
2. Maintenance cost.
3. Sound while operating.
Nowadays synchronous condensers are replaced by static capacitors.

HUNTING IN SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

The phenomenon of oscillation of the rotor about its equilibrium or steady state
position in synchronous machines is called hunting.
Causes of Hunting
● Suddenly Change in load.
● Sudden change in excitation.
● When faults occur in the system.
Let the motor be running at a particular load with a load angle =α1 If the motor load
is changed suddenly, then the rotor changes to a new load angle position =α2 . But
the rotor cannot move it to its new position α2 smoothly. Due to the inertia of the
rotor, the rotor oscillates around its new position α2 and finally reaches the new
position. This oscillation of the rotor is called hunting.
Effects of Hunting
● It can lead to loss of synchronism.
● Large mechanical stresses may develop in the rotor shaft
● The machine losses increases and the temperature of the machine rises
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3

Reduction of Hunting

a. Using Flywheels
The prime mover is provided with a large and heavy flywheel. This increases
the inertia of the prime mover and helps in maintaining the rotor speed
constant
b. Using Damper windings

Damper windings are placed in rotor pole faces. It is made of low resistance
copper bars. Which are short circuited at both ends using copper rings. When
3 phase supply is given to the stator, Rotating flux cuts the damper winding.
Hence, emf is induced in it according to Faraday's law of electromagnetic
induction. According to Lenz's Law this Induced emf opposes the oscillation.
So By using damper winding we can prevent hunting.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

Characteristics of Synchronous Motor are constant speed motors.

● The speed of the motor is decided by the number of poles and frequency.
Compared to an induction motor it is very sensitive to sudden changes of
load. This causes a hunting of the rotor and finally leads to stability problems.
● It has no starting torque and requires starting equipment to bring it to its
rated speed.
● When it is running at its rated speed the field is excited.
● The damper windings on the field poles help in damping the hunting and
providing the starting torque.
● The motor can be operated at different power factors by changing the
excitation. Overexcited synchronous motors operate at leading power factors
whereas underexcited ones operate at lagging pf..
● They are reasonably efficient. Their efficiency and ability to correct the power
pf by varying the excitation make synchronous motors attractive in large
power applications.
● They are preferred as constant speed drives in the industry.

● Variation of the armature current of the motor when its excitation

varied is described by V-curves when the motor develops a given power.
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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SYNCHRONOUS & INDUCTION MOTORS

BASIS OF DIFFERENCE SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR INDUCTION MOTOR

Type of Excitation A synchronous is a Singly excited machine

motor doubly
excited motor
Supply System Armature winding is excited Stator winding is
from an AC source & field energized from an AC
winding from a DC source source.

Speed Always runs at synchronous Load increases speed

speed.The speed is decreases.It is always less
independent of load. than synchronous speed

Starting Not self starting Self starting motors

Operation A synchronous motor can Operates only at a lagging

be operated with lagging pf.
and leading pf by changing
its excitation

Usage Used for pf correction in Used for driving

addition to supplying mechanical loads only
torque to mechanical
loads.
Efficiency More efficient than Efficiency is less than that
induction motor of the of the synchronous motor
same output & voltage of the same output &
rating voltage rating
Cost Higher than induction motor Lowe than synchronou
r s
moto
APPLICATIONS OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS r
Synchronous motors in conjunction with induction motors and transformers, the
lagging reactive power required by the machines is supplied locally by the leading
reactive component taken by the synchronous motor. A synchronous motor is called
a synchronous capacitor because it draws, like a capacitor leading current from the
line. Most synchronous capacitors are rated between 20 MVAR and 200 MVAR and
many are hydrogen-cooled.
Synchronous motors are used for ::

1. Power factor correction

Overexcited synchronous motors having leading pf are widely used for
improving power factor of those power systems which employ a large
number of induction motors, welders and fluorescent lights etc.
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2. Constant-speed, constant-load drives

Because of their high efficiency and high-speed, synchronous motors (above
600 r.p.m.) are well-suited for loads where constant speed is required such as
centrifugal pumps, belt-driven reciprocating compressors, blowers, line
shafts, rubber and paper mills etc.
Low-speed synchronous motors below 600 r.p.m. are used for drives such as
centrifugal and screw-type pumps, ball and tube mills, vacuum pumps,
chippers and metal rolling mills etc..
3. Voltage regulation
The voltage at the end of a long transmission line varies greatly especially
when large inductive loads are present. When an inductive load is
disconnected suddenly, voltage tends to rise considerably above its normal
value because of the line capacitance. By installing a synchronous motor with
a field regulator (for varying its excitation) this voltage rise can be
controlled.When line voltage decreases due to inductive load, motor
excitation is increased, thereby raising its p.f. which compensates for the line
drop.

STARTING METHODS OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

Synchronous motor is not self starting. Various methods for starting of synchronous
motor are explained below

1. Using Pony motor

A small induction motor called a pony motor is used to start the synchronous
motor, so that a synchronous motor begins to run. After the rotor of the
synchronous motor is brought to the synchronous speed, we switch on the DC
supply to the rotor. As the DC excitation is given to the rotor ,the rotor poles
lock with the rotating magnetic field and move in synchronous speed .After
that, we simply de-couple the induction motor from the synchronous motor
shaft.

2. Using DC motor
A DC machine is coupled to the synchronous motor. The DC machine works
like a DC motor initially and brings the synchronous motor to synchronous
speed..Once it achieves the synchronous speed, the DC machine works like a
DC generator and supplies DC to the rotor of the synchronous motor. This
method offers easy starting and better efficiency than the earlier method.

3. Using Damper winding

A synchronous motor cannot start by itself. In order to make the motor self-
starting, a squirrel cage winding (also called damper winding is provided on
the rotor. The damper winding consists of copper bars embedded in the
pole faces of the salient poles of the
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rotor as shown in Fig. The bars are short-circuited at the ends to form a
squirrel cage winding.

● 3-phase supply is given to the stator winding and rotor winding is kept
un energized. The rotating magnetic field produced by the stator
induces currents in the damper winding and the motor starts as an
induction motor.
● As the motor approaches the synchronous speed, the rotor is excited
with DC supply. Now The rotor pulls into synchronism by interlocking
between stator and rotor poles . It results in rotating the rotor at
synchronous speed
● Because rotor is rotating at the same speed as the rotating stator
field, damper windings do not cut any flux and, therefore, no induced
emf in damper windings
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SINGLE PHASE MOTORS

Single phase motors are available in fractional kilowatt( Fractional horse power)
range and its operated from single phase supply.single phase motors are used in
1. Ceiling fan 2. Refrigerator 3. Washing machines 4. Hair dryers 5. Air conditioner
6. Portable drills 7. Mixi 8. Grinder 9. Clocks

Fractional horsepower motor:

A motor having power rating less than 1 Kw is called Fractional horse power motor

CLASSIFICATION OF SINGLE PHASE MOTORS

DOUBLE FIELD REVOLVING THEORY

● According to this theory any alternating quantity can be resolved into two
rotating components which rotate in opposite directions and each having
magnitude as half of the maximum magnitude of the alternating quantity.
 1
8

● Maximum magnitude of ɸm consider the two components of the stator

flux, each having magnitude half of maximum magnitude of stator flux.
i.e. (ɸm/2)
● Both these components are rotating in opposite directions at the
synchronous speed Ns which is dependent on frequency and stator poles..
● ɸf is forward component rotating in anticlockwise direction.
● ɸb is the backward component rotating in clockwise direction
● t start both the components are shown opposite to each other in theFig.1(a)
● the resultant ɸR = 0
● After 90°, as shown in Fig. 1(b), the two components are rotated in such a way
that both are pointing in the same direction.
● Hence the resultant ɸR is the algebraic sum of the magnitudes of the two
components. So ɸR = (ɸ1m/2) + (ɸ1m/2) =ɸ1m. This is nothing but the
instantaneous value of the stator flux at θ=90° as shown in Fig 1(c). Thus
continuous rotation of the two components gives the original alternating
stator flux.
● Forward component ɸf to produce a torque in anticlockwise direction..
● Backward component ɸb to produce a torque in the clockwise direction.
● Each torque tries to rotate the rotor in its own direction.
● Thus net torque experienced by the rotor is zero at start..And hence the
single phase induction motors are not self starting.

Why single phase IM is not self starting

Single phase IM consists of single phase stator winding. The rotor is a squirrel
cage rotor.
.When single phase supply to the stator is switched on, an alternating current flows
through the stator winding. This sets up an alternating flux.. This flux crosses the air
gap and links with the rotor conductors. By electromagnetic induction e.m.f.’s is
induced in the rotor conductors. Since the rotor forms a closed circuit, current is
induced in the rotor bars. Due to interaction between the rotor induced currents
and the stator flux, a torque is produced.. The torque developed on the upper half
of rotor tends to rotate rotor in one direction and torque produced on the lower
half of the rotor tends to rotate in opposite direction. Hence net torque on the rotor
is zero. Hence single phase induction motor is not self starting.

Self starting can be achieved by introducing an additional 'starting winding' also

called as auxillary winding.The main winding & auxiliary are connected in parallel
across a single phase supply and are spaced 90° electrical. Phase difference of 90°
can be achieved by connecting a capacitor in series with the starting
winding.Hence motor behaves like a two-phase motor and the stator produces
revolving magnetic field which causes rotor rotation. . Once motor gathers speed,
80% of its normal speed, the starting winding gets disconnected form the circuit with
the help of acentrifugal switch, and the motor runs only on main winding.
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IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1. Draw power stages of synchronous motor(6 marks)
2. Explain why the synchronous motor are not self starting list the methods of starting
synchronous motor, list advantage and disadvantages (8 marks)
3. With the help of vector diagram explain synchronous motor on load(8 marks)
4. Explain in detail power developed in synchronous motor(7 marks)
5. Discuss the concept of V-curve and inverted V-curve(8 marks)
6. Discuss about the different torque in a synchronous motor(7 marks)
7. Explain the principle and operation of synchronous motor(8 marks)
8. Explain double revolving theory (7 marks)
9. Describe classification of single phase induction motor(8marks)
10. Describe procedure for plotting V-curve(7marks)
11. What are the special characteristics of synchronous motor(6 marks)
12. What are the merits ,demerits and application of synchronous motor(7 marks)
13. How can prevent hunting synchronous motor(6 marks)
14. Explain power flow in synchronous motor(6 marks)
15. What is pull in torque and reluctance torque in synchronous motor(6 marks)
16. Explain why single phase induction motor is not self starting (double revolving
theory)(8 marks)
17.Classification of single phase induction motor(7 marks)