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Geometric Design For Highways and Railways

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33 views14 pages

Geometric Design For Highways and Railways

Uploaded by

Esguerra John mark
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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GEOMETRIC

DESIGN FOR
HIGHWAYS AND
RAILWAYS
GEOMETRIC
DESIGNFOR
HIGHWAYS
The geometric design of roads is a key
branch of highway engineering focused on
the layout and physical configuration of
roadways. This involves planning the
alignment, width, gradient, curves,
intersections, and other physical elements
that shape a roadway. Engineers working
on geometric design consider various
standards, such as safety, visibility,
comfort, and traffic flow, as well as
constraints like topography, land use, and
environmental impacts.
Parts of geometric
roadway design

ALIGNMENT
refers to the planned route of the road or
railway, characterized by a sequence of
horizontal tangents and curves. This
alignment dictates the path that the
roadway or railway will follow across the
landscape.
PROFILE
refers to the vertical aspect of the road or
railway, defining its elevation changes
along the route.
Parts of geometric
roadway design

CROSS SECTION
provides a detailed view of the roadway or
railway from a perpendicular perspective,
showing the layout and composition across
its width.
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
are essential to ensure that the highway
aligns well with the natural topography
while meeting standards for safety, service,
and performance. These considerations
guide the design process and help achieve
a roadway that is functional, safe, and
GEOMETRIC
DESIGNFOR RAILWAYS

Focuses on optimizing the alignment and


structural layout of the railway track to
enhance operational efficiency. This design
aims to create a smooth, continuous path
that minimizes disruptions to train
movement, ensuring that trains can
operate at their maximum capacity while
maintaining safety and comfort for
passengers.
GRADIENT

Any deviation of the track from a horizontal


level is referred to as a grade or gradient.
The purpose of incorporating a gradient is
to provide a consistent rate of ascent or
descent, reduce the cost of earthwork, and
enable the railway to reach stations
situated at varying elevations.
RULING GRADIENT
refers to the steepest allowable incline or decline along a
track section. It plays a crucial role in determining the
maximum load a locomotive can haul on that section of
track. As the gradient increases, the locomotive must
exert more power to overcome the resistance posed by
the slope, which can impact the train’s speed, load
capacity, and overall efficiency.
- In plains: 1 in 150 to 1 in 200
- In hilly regions: 1 in 100 to 1 in 150
RULING GRADIENT
refers to sections of railway track that have a gradient
steeper than the ruling gradient, but trains can still
successfully navigate these sections due to the
momentum they have built up from previous, less steep
sections. These gradients are typically found in hilly or
mountainous terrain where the natural topography
PUSHER GRADIENT
refers to a railway section with a gradient so steep that a
single locomotive is unable to haul a train with its
maximum load. In such cases, an additional locomotive,
often referred to as a pusher engine or helper locomotive,
is used to assist the primary engine in pulling the train up
the incline.

GRADIENT AT STATIONS
is intentionally kept low for several important reasons,
ensuring safe and efficient operations in and around
station areas:

- To Prevent Movement of Standing Vehicles


- To Prevent Additional Resistance Due to the Grade
- Safety Considerations
CROSS-
SECTION
Travel lanes or Traffic
lanes
the segment of the road
designated for vehicle traffic,
not including shoulders and
bicycle lanes.

Shoulder
A segment of the road
designated for accommodation
of stopped vehicles, lateral
support of the sub base and
for emergency purposes.
Medians
This portion is usually located
at the edges of the opposing
travel lanes (including left
shoulders). This section
separates the lanes in
Median
opposing Barrier and
directions.
Roadside
A median barrier is defined as a longitudinal
system used to prevent an errantvehicle
from crossing the portion of a divided
highway separating the travelled waysfor
traffic in opposite directions. Roadside
barriers, on the other hand, protect
vehiclesfrom obstacles or slopes on the
roadside. They also may be used to shield
Curbs and Gutter
These are raised structures
made of bituminous concrete
that are commonly used in
urban highways to outline
the pavement edges and
pedestrian pathways.
Guard rails
These are longitudinal barriers
that are usually placed on the
outer part of the sharp curves
and some parts with high hills.
Cross slope
Pavements on straight
sections of two-lane and
multilane highways without
mediansare sloped from the
middle downward to both
sides of the highway, resulting
in atransverse or cross slope.
Sidewalks
It is usually provided on roads
from urban areas but are
uncommon in rural areas.
Side slopes
adjoin the roadway shoulder
and located at between the
edge of the shoulder.

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