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Non-Parametric Tests

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10 views47 pages

Non-Parametric Tests

Uploaded by

frecielynsagayno34
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Non-parametric

Tests
The Case of k
Related Samples

• Cochran Q Test

• Friedman’s Two-Way Analysis of


Variance by Ranks
Cochran Q Test
Cochran Q Test

- A non-parametric way to find the


differences in matched sets of
three or more frequencies or
proportions.

- It is an extension of the McNemar


test.
When to Use

1.There is one dependent, dichotomous


variable.
2.There is one independent variable
with three groups or levels.
3.Use a random sampling method.
4.There is a large sample size (number
of subjects(n) × number of levels in
the independent variable(k) are ≥ 24).
Decision Rule

• Reject H₀: If calculated Q


statistic > critical x² value.

• Accept H₀ : If calculated Q
statistic ≤ critical x² value.
Formula

b= number of subjects
k= number of treatments
X•j= column total
Xi•= row total
N= grand total
Example

A researcher is studying three pain relief


methods (A, B, C) on eight patients with
mild headaches. Each patient tries each
method and rates effectiveness as
“Effective” (1) or “Not Effective” (0).
Example

Step 1: Define the Hypotheses

• Null Hypothesis (H₀): There is no significant


difference in the effectiveness of the three pain relief
methods.

• Alternative Hypothesis (H₁): There is a significant


difference in the effectiveness of at least one of the
pain relief methods.
Friedman’s Two-
Way Analysis of
Variance by Ranks
Friedman’s Two-Way
Analysis of Variance
by Ranks
- A non-parametric test for finding
differences in treatments across
multiple attempts.
- It’s used in place of the ANOVA
test when you don’t know the
distribution of your data.
- It is an extension of the sign test
When to Use

1.Data should be ordinal.


2.Data comes from a single group,
measured on at least three different
occasions.
3.Created using random sampling
method
4.Blocks are mutually independent
5.Observations are ranked within blocks
with no ties.
Decision Rule

• Reject H₀: If calculated χ²F


statistic > critical x² value.

• Accept H₀: If calculated χ²F


statistic ≤ critical x² value.
Formula

n= number of subjects
k= number of treatments
ER_j²= total sum of ranks
Example
Five students are taught using three different methods (A, B, C).
Their test scores are:
Example

Step 1: Define the Hypotheses

• Null Hypothesis (H₀): There is no significant


difference in test scores among the three teaching
methods.

• Alternative Hypothesis (H₁): There is a significant


difference in test scores among at least two of the
teaching methods.
The Case of k
Independent
Samples
• X² Test for k Independent
Samples

• Extension of the Median Test

• Kruskal-Wallis One-Way
Analysis of Variance by Ranks
X² Test for k
Independent
Samples
X² test for k
Independent
Samples

- It is a type of Pearson’s chi-


square test which is used to
determine whether your data are
significantly different from what
you expected.
When to Use

1. Test a hypothesis about the


relationship between two
categorical variables
2. Sample was randomly
selected from the population
3. There are minimum of five
observations expected in each
combined group.
Decision Rule

• Reject H₀: If calculated χ²


statistic > critical x² value.

• Accept H₀: If calculated χ²


statistic ≤ critical x² value.
Formula

O- Observed
frequency
E- Expected
Frequency
Example

A researcher is studying the effectiveness of


three different pain relief medications (A, B, C).
They randomly assign participants to one of
the three medication groups and then record
whether the participant experienced pain relief
("Yes" or "No"). The observed data are:
Example

Step 1: Define the Hypotheses

• Null Hypothesis (H₀): There is no association


between medication type and pain relief.

• Alternative Hypothesis (H₁): There is an association


between medication type and pain relief.
Extension of
the Median Test
Extension of the
Median Test

- Independent samples have been


drawn from population with the
same median which three or
more independent samples are
available for analysis.
When to Use

1.Random sample
2.Observations are independent
3.The data is ordinal
Decision Rule

• Reject H₀: If calculated x²


statistic ≥ critical x² value.

• Accept H₀: If calculated x²


statistic < critical x² value.
Formula

O_ij= Observed
frequency
E_ij= Expected
Frequency
Example

Three different fertilizers (A, B, and C) are tested on three


groups of 10 plants each. After a set period, the height of each
plant is measured (in centimeters). The data is as follows:

Fertilizer A: 15, 18, 12, 16, 19, 14, 17, 20, 13, 15
Fertilizer B: 22, 25, 20, 23, 28, 21, 24, 26, 19, 22
Fertilizer C: 10, 12, 9, 11, 13, 8, 14, 10, 11, 12
Example

Step 1: Define the Hypotheses

• Null Hypothesis (H₀): There is no significant


difference in the median plant heights among the
three fertilizer groups.

• Alternative Hypothesis (H₁): There is a significant


difference in the median plant heights among the
three fertilizer groups.
Calculate the Overall Median:

Combine all the data: 10, 10, 11, 11, 12, 12, 12, 13, 13,
14, 14, 15, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 19, 20, 20, 21, 22, 22,
23, 24, 25, 26, 28

There are 28 values. The median is the average of the


14th and 15th values: (15 + 16) / 2 = 15.5 cm
Kruskal-Wallis
One-Way Analysis
of Variance by
Ranks
Kruskal-Wallis One-
Way Analysis of
Variance by Ranks

- A non-parametric statistical test


used to compare three or more
independent groups to determine
if there are statistically significant
differences between them.

- It is an extension of the Mann-


Whitney U Test.
When to Use

1.Data should be ordinal.


2.Data is not normally distributed
3.Random sample
Decision Rule

• Reject H₀: If calculated H


statistic ≤ alpha value.

• Accept H₀: If calculated H


statistic > alpha value.
Formula

N= total number of
observations
k= number of treatments
n_i= number of
observations in each
group
R_i= sum of ranks for
each group
Example

Three pain relief medications (A, B, C) are tested on


5 patients each. Pain levels (1-10) are recorded after
one hour:

Medication A: 7, 6, 8, 5, 7
Medication B: 4, 3, 5, 2, 4
Medication C: 9, 8, 10, 7, 9
Example

Step 1: Define the Hypotheses

• Null Hypothesis (H₀): The median pain levels are


equal across all three medications.

• Alternative Hypothesis (H₁): At least one medication


group has a different median pain levels than the
others.
Thank you
Frecielyn B. Sagayno

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