Signals and Systems

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 Unit-1
Classification of Signals and
Systems

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Contents
Sl No. Content Slide No.
1 Introduction to signal and system 4-5
2 Application of signal and system 6-7
3 Types of the signal 8-11
4 Elementary continuous time signals 12-28
5 Representation of discrete time signal 29-33
6 Elementary discrete time signals 34-43

7 Basic operations on signal 44-65

8 Classification of signals 66-107
9 Classification of systems 108-149

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Introduction to signal and system
Signal:
• A signal is defined as any physical quantity that that varies with time,
space or any other independent variable or variables.
• Mathematically, we describe a signal as a function of one or more
independent variables.
• For e.g. ----------------Depend upon time
----------------Depend upon time
-----Depend upon independent variables
Here are independent variables.
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Introduction to signal and system (Cont.)
System:
• A system is defined as a physical device or software realization that
performs an operation on a signal.

• For e.g.
Filtering:- removal of noise from the signal.
noise is unwanted signal which is added to the desired signal.

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Application of signals and systems
• Control application: Used in industrial control and automation.
e.g:- Controlling the position of a valve or shaft of amotor.
Important techniques used in it are : time-domain solution of differential
equations
Laplace transformation,
Stability estimation

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Application of signals and systems (Cont.)
Communication applications:
• Communication is transformation of information (signal) over a channel.
The channel may be free space, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable
• A Key component of transmission is modulation:
analog modulation digital modulation
• Signal and system is applied in communication for transmission, storage
and display of information.
Speech and audio processing:
• Cancellation of noise
• Extraction of features
• Analysis of signal.
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Types of signals
• Continuous-time signal (analog signal)

• Discrete-time signal

• Digital signal

• In signal and system course, we will cover operation on analog signal

and discrete time signal.

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Continuous-time signal (analog signal)
• Continuous-time signals are defined for all values of time and is
represented by .
• A continuous time signal is also called an analog signal.
• E.g. are ECG (electrocardiogram signal), AC power supply

Fig.1. ECG signal Fig. 2. AC power supply

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Discrete-time signal
• The discrete-time signals are defined at a discrete instant of time and is
represented by where is index.
• Some signals are discrete in nature
• Some signals may be discrete representation of continuous-time
signal. (the amplitude at each interval)
𝑥 (𝑛)

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Digital signals
• A signal that is discretized in time and quantized in amplitude is
known as digital signal.
• The signal consists of binary values (zeros or ones).

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Elementary continuous time signals
1. Unit step function The unit step function is defined as

Precise Graph Commonly-Used Graph

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Elementary continuous time signals (cont.)
2. Unit ramp function The unit ramp function is defined as

• Unit ramp function can be obtained by applying unit step function to

an integrator.
• Unit step function can be obtained by applying unit ramp function to a
differentiator.

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Elementary continuous time signals (cont.)
3. Unit parabolic function: The unit parabolic function is given by

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Elementary continuous time signals (cont.)
• 4. Unit impulse function: Unit impulse function is defined as

𝛿 (𝑡 )=1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 =0
¿0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 ≠ 0
Area of unit impulse function is 1

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Elementary continuous time signals (cont.)
Properties of unit impulse:-

Proof: 𝛿 (𝑡 )=1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 =0

¿0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 ≠ 0
For value of t other than 0 is 0. When t=0, and =

= 0+ (proved)

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Elementary continuous time signals (cont.)
II. )

Proof: At ,

otherwise

So, )

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Elementary continuous time signals (cont.)
III.
Proof: At , otherwise
So,
= Let
= = .1= (proved)

IV.

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Elementary continuous time signals (cont.)
5.Rectangular Pulse function
The rectangular pulse function is defined as

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Elementary continuous time signals (cont.)
6. Triangular pulse function
The unit triangular pulse function is defined as

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Elementary continuous time signals (cont.)
7. Sinusoidal function
• A continuous time sinusoidal signal is given by 𝑥 (𝑡 )
𝑥 ( 𝑡 )= 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛( Ω 𝑡 +𝜃)
amplitude

= frequency
= phase

T=time period
=

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Elementary continuous time signals (cont.)
8. Real exponential signals: A real exponential signal is defined as
If a=0

If a>1 exponentially growing signal

If a<1 exponentially decaying signal

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Elementary continuous time signals (cont.)
9. Complex exponential signal: The general representation of complex
exponential signal is given by
where is complex variable
== As =

If, 0, then (pure Dc signal)

Decays
exponentially

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Elementary continuous time signals (cont.)

Increases sinusoidal
exponentially

Growing Decaying
Sinusoidal Sinusoidal

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Sinc Function

sin  
sinc t 
 t
t

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Problems:
Calculate the value of the followings:
1.Q-
Ans- As we know
At t=10, =1, for other value of t, =0
SO =
2. Q-
Ans- At t=3, =1, for other value of t, =0
So =9

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Problems (cont.):
3 Q-
A- At t=0, =1, for other value of t, =0
sin0=0, =0
4 Q-
A-At t=-3, =1, for other value of t, =0
=
5 Q-
A-At t=3, =1, for other value of t, =0

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Problems (cont.):
6 Q-
A- At t=0, =1, for other value of t, =0
At t=1, =1, for other value of t, =0
=1+sin 1

7 Q-
A- At t=0, =1, for other value of t, =0
=1

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Representation of discrete-time signal
• The discrete-time signals are defined at a discrete instant of time and is
represented by where is index.
• There are different types of representation of discrete time signals.
They are
• (i) Graphical representation
• (ii) Functional representation
• (iii) Tabular representation
• (iv) Sequence representation

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Representation of discrete-time signal (cont.)
Let us consider a discrete time signal

(i) Graphical representation:- The graphical representation of given is

𝑥 (𝑛)

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Representation of discrete-time signal (cont.)
• Let us consider a discrete time signal

• (ii) Functional representation: Functional representation of given data

is

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Representation of discrete-time signal (cont.)
• Let us consider a discrete time signal

(iii) Tabular representation

-1 0 1 2 3 4
1 2 2 0.5 -1 1.5

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Representation of discrete-time signal (cont.)
• Let us consider a discrete time signal

(iv) Sequence representation

A finite duration sequence with time origin (n=0) indicated by symbol
(Write the sequence of when n=0 put
={1, 2,0, 0.5, -1, 1.5}

If a sequence written without symbol, then 1st location is n=0.

If ={2, 4, 6, 0,8, -3}

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Elementary discrete time signals
1. Unit step sequence:-
The unit step sequence is defined as

𝑛
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Elementary discrete time signals (Cont.)

2. Unit ramp sequence:-

The unit ramp sequence is defined as

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Elementary discrete time signals (Cont.)
• 3. Unit impulse sequence (unit sample sequence): Unit impulse
sequence is defined as

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Elementary discrete time signals (Cont.)
• 4. Exponential sequence
The exponential signal is a sequence of the form for all

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Elementary discrete time signals (Cont.)
5. Sinusoidal signal: The discrete time sinusoidal signal is given by

phase differencre

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Elementary discrete time signals (Cont.)
6. Complex exponential signal:-
The discrete time comlex exponential signal is given by

• For  The amplitude of the sinusoidal sequence decays exponentially.

• For  the amplitude of sinusoidal sequence increases exponentially.

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Problems:
Calculate the value of the followings:
1. Q.

Ans:- As we know

At =2 or -2=0, =1,
for other value of , =0
So, =
=

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Problems (cont.)
2. Q.
Ans:-At =1 or -1=0, =1,
for other value of , =0
So,
=
3. Q.
Ans: At =-2 or =0, =1,
for other value of , =0

=
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Problems (cont.)
4. Q.
Ans: At =1 or -1=0, =1,
for other value of , =0
So,
==e
5. Q.
Ans:- At =-1 or 1=0, =1,
for other value of , =0
Here in summation starts n= -1 is not available, so result will be 0

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Problems (cont.)
6Q
Ans:- 0

7Q
Ans:

8Q
Ans:

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Basic operations on signal
The basic set of operations on a signal are:

1. Time shifting
2. Time reversal
3. Amplitude scaling
4. Time scaling
5. Signal addition
6. Signal multiplier

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1.Time shifting

• Let us consider a continuous time signal . Tips:

Plot the signal do not
• Time shifting of the signal may be delay or advance put X axis. Then
means add T unit to
• Let is positive. the X axis
• delaying (right shift by unit).
• advancing (left shift by unit) .
E.g.1: is shown in Fig. 1(a), calculate and

Fig.1.(a) Fig.1.(b) Fig.1.(c)

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1.Time shifting (cont.)
• Similarly, for a discrete time signal
Let is positive.
• delaying (right shift by unit).
• advancing (left shift by unit).

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1.Time shifting (cont.)
• E.g. Given
• Do the graphical representation of

Fig. 2.b

Fig. 2.a

Fig. 2.c
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2. Time reversal (folding)

• Time reversal of can be obtained by folding the signal about t=0. It is

denoted by as shown in Fig. 3.b.
• Let is positive
• delaying (right shift of by unit)
• advancing (left shift by unit.

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2. Time reversal (cont.)

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2. Time reversal (cont.)
• Similarly, for a discrete time signal . Time reversal of can be obtained
by folding the signal about n=0. It is denoted by
• Let is positive
• delaying (right shift of by unit)
• advancing (left shift by unit)

• E.g. Given Do the graphical representation of

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2. Time reversal (cont.)

𝑥 (𝑛) 𝑥 (− 𝑛)

𝑥 (−𝑛+2) 𝑥 (−𝑛 −3)

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3. Amplitude scaling (constant multiplication)
• Amplitude scaling means multiply constant to whole signal.
• is shown in figure.

𝑥 (𝑡 )
3 𝑥 (𝑡 )
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3.Amplitude scaling (cont.)
• Similarly, the amplitude of discrete time signal can be represented
. Here, is constant.
Eg. E.g. Given Do the graphical representation of

𝑥 (n) 2 𝑥( n)

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4. Time scaling

• In the time scaling, replace ‘’’’ by ‘’” in . for, , first perform , then
perform time scaling. Similarly for , first perform , then perform time
scaling.

(a) (b) (c)

(d)

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 4. Time scaling (cont.)

, 𝑥 ( )
𝑡
2
,
=1, , =0
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4. Time scaling (cont.)

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4. Time scaling (cont.)
• Similarly, for discrete time signal, In the time scaling, replace ‘’’’ by
‘’” in
• E.g. Given Do the graphical representation of
• Answer:

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 5. Signal addition

• where and are continuous time signal.

• Similarly for discrete time signal

• The addition of 2 signals can be obtained by adding their values at

every instant

For interval

For interval

For interval
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5. Signal addition (Cont.)
+
For interval

For interval

For interval

For interval

For interval

For interval
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 5. Signal addition (Cont.)
• E.g. 𝑥 2 ( 𝑛 ) ={ 1 ,− 2 , 3 , 2 }

𝑦 1 ( 𝑛 ) ={ 0 +1 , 0− 2 ,1+ 3 , 3+2 , 2+ 0 ,1+ 0 }

𝑦 1 ( 𝑛 ) ={ 1 ,− 2 , 4 ,5 , 2 , 1 }

𝑦 2 ( 𝑛 ) ={ 0 − 1 ,0 +2 , 1− 3 , 3 −2 , 2− 0 , 1− 0 }

𝑦 2 ( 𝑛 ) ={ − 1 , 2 , − 2 , 1 , 2 , 1 }

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6. Signal multiplication
The multiplication of 2 signals can be obtained by multiplying their
values at every instant.
For interval

For interval

For interval

For interval
For interval
For interval
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6. Signal multiplication (cont.)
• E.g. 𝑥 2 ( 𝑛 ) ={ −1 , 1 , 0.5 , 0.5 , 1 }

𝑦 ( 𝑛 ) ={ 0 ∗ −1 , 1∗ 1 ,2 ∗ 0.5 , −2 ∗ 0.5 , 3∗ 1 , 2∗ 0 }

𝑦 ( 𝑛 ) ={ 0 ,1 , 1 ,− 1 ,3 ,0 }

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Problems:
• Sketch the followings:
1.

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3.

4.

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5.

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Classification of Signals
The signals are classified according to their characteristic.
1. Continuous time and discrete time signal

2. Deterministic and random signals

3. Periodic and aperiodic signals

4. Even and odd signals

5. Energy and power signals

2. Deterministic and Random Signals

Deterministic signal:
• A deterministic signal is a signal exhibiting no uncertainty of value at
any given instant of time
• Its instantaneous value can be predicted by mathematical equation
• For example x(t) = sin(3t) is deterministic signal.
2. Deterministic and Random Signals (cont.)
Random signal:
• A random signal is characterized by uncertainty before its actual
occurrence.
• Behavior of these signals are random i.e. not predictable with respect
to time.
• These signals can’t be expressed mathematically.
• For example Thermal Noise generated is non deterministic signal.
3. Periodic and aperiodic signals

• A continuous time signal is said to be periodic if it satisfies the

condition
for all t. Otherwise aperiodic
• The smallest value of T that satisfies the above condition is known as
fundamental period.
• A discrete time signal is said to be periodic if it satisfies the condition
for all n. Otherwise aperiodic
• The smallest value of N that satisfies the above condition is known as
fundamental period.
3. Periodic and aperiodic signals (cont.)

• The above sequence is repeating after every 4 samples. So,

fundamental period=4.
3. Periodic and aperiodic signals (cont.)
For Sinusoidal signal
Let ----------------(1)
• For periodic signal

= -----------------------(2)
Equation (1) and (2) are equal if
=,
so
fundamental period or time period
=Fundamental frequency
3. Periodic and aperiodic signals (cont.)
For complex exponential signal
Let
For periodic signal
= )
As for periodic
)=1, If =2π, )=1
So for periodic
fundamental period or time period
=Fundamental frequency
Condition for sum of 2 periodic signal to be periodic
• The sum of 2 periodic signal and with periods and may or may not
be periodic depending on the relation between and .

• If the sum to be periodic, the ratio of periods must be rational number

or ratio of 2 integers. Otherwise sum is not periodic.
• If, =
• Fundamental time period=
Problem
Find the fundamental period T of the following continuous-time signal,
if, they are periodic.
1. Q.
Ans:- Given . The signal is periodic.
Here =5.
=0.4π second.
2. Q. 50
Ans:- Here =50 . The signal is periodic
=
Problem (Cont.)
3 Q.
Ans:- Here = 10. The signal is periodic
= second
4 Q.
Here = 5. The signal is periodic
= second
5. Q. 50u(t)
Ans:- 50u(t+T).
As u(t)≠u(t+T) The signal is aperiodic.
Problem (Cont.)
6.Q.
Ans:-
As .
So the is aperiodic
Problem (Cont.)
Find whether the following signals are periodic or not. Also, find the
fundamental time period T.
1 Q.
Ans:- Here = 10, So =
Here = 4, So =
So, ==
As the ratio is rational number so the sum of 2 signals are periodic.
Fundamental period=T= 5 = sec.
Problem (Cont.)
2. Q.
Ans:- Here = 60 , So =
Here = 50 , So =
So, ==
As the ratio is rational number so the sum of 2 signals are periodic.
Fundamental period=T= 6=
Problem (Cont.)
3. Q.
Ans:- is aperiodic, so total sum will be aperiodic
4. Q.
Ans:- Here = 4, So =
Here = , So =1
So, ==
As the ratio is not rational number so the sum of 2 signals are aperiodic.
Problem (Cont.)
5. Q.
Ans:- The signal is aperiodic, because it can not be repeated.
Problem (Cont.)
6. Q.
Ans:-=
Here =2. =π second.
The signal is periodic
Condition for discrete time signal to be periodic
• A discrete time signal is said to be periodic if it satisfies the condition
for all n. Otherwise aperiodic
• The smallest value of N that satisfies the above condition is known as
fundamental period.
Let ----------------(1)
• For periodic signal

= -----------------------(2)
Equation (1) and (2) are equal for periodic if
=, so is a value so that N is integer
fundamental period or time period
=Fundamental frequency
Problems

Find the whether the following are periodic or not. If periodic, find the
fundamental period.
1. Q.
Ans:- , Here = ,
So N= =20m.
To convert N as integer minimum value of m=1
Fundamental period=N=20. signal is periodic
Problems (Cont.)
2. Q.
Ans:- , Here = ,
So N= = .
To convert N as integer minimum value of m=3
Fundamental period=N=1. signal is periodic
3. Q.
Ans:- , Here =,
So N= =.
To convert N as integer minimum value of m=3
Fundamental period=N=7. signal is periodic
Problems (cont.)
4. Q. +
Ans:- , Here =,
So = =3m.
To convert as integer minimum value of m=1 =3.
, Here =,
So = =.
To convert as integer minimum value of m=3 =8.
= so 8 = 8 =24 signal is periodic
Problems (cont.)
5. Q.
Ans:- , Here = ,
So N= = .
To convert N as integer minimum value of m=3
Fundamental period=N=2. signal is periodic
6. Q.
Ans:- , Here = ,
So N= = .
To convert N as integer minimum value of m as a integer can not be
determined. So, signal is aperiodic
Problems (cont.)
7. Q.
Ans:- , Here =,
So N= =.
To convert N as integer minimum value of m as a integer can not be
determined. So, signal is aperiodic
4. Symmetric (even) and anti-symmetric (odd) signal
Symmetric (even) signal
• A continuous time signal is said to be symmetric (even) signal if it
satisfies the condition for all t
• A discrete time signal is said to be symmetric (even) signal if it
satisfies the condition for all .
Anti-symmetric (odd) signal
• A continuous time signal is said to be anti-symmetric (odd) signal if it
satisfies the condition for all t
• A discrete time signal is said to be anti-symmetric (odd) signal if it
satisfies the condition for all .
Even and odd part of signal
Even part of signal
Even part of continuous time signal =
Even part of discrete time signal =
Odd part of signal
Odd part of continuous time signal =
Odd part of discrete time signal =
Problems
• Identify the following signals are even or odd.
1. Q.
Ans:-

As .
So is even signal.
2. Q.
Ans:-
==
As .
So, is odd signal.
Problems
• Find the even and odd components of the following signals
1. Q.
Ans:- Even part of continuous time signal =
=
=
= ==
Odd part of continuous time signal =
= ==
Problems (cont. )
2. Q.
Ans:-
Even part of discrete time signal =
=
=
Odd part of discrete time signal =
=
=
Problems (cont. )
3. Q.
Ans:-
=
Even part of continuous time signal =
=
==
Odd part of continuous time signal =
= ==
Problems (cont. )
4. Q.
Ans:-
Even part of discrete time signal =
=
=
Odd part of discrete time signal =
=
=
5. Energy and power signal
• Energy and average power of any signal is defined as:

𝑇 ∞

lim ∫ |𝑥(𝑡)| 𝑑𝑡
2
= ∑ ¿¿¿
𝑇 →∞ −𝑇 𝑛 =− ∞

RMS value of the signal

5. Energy and power signal (cont.)
• A signal is called an energy signal if the energy satisfies 0 < E < ∞.
For an energy signal P = 0.

• A signal is called a power signal if the power satisfies 0 < P < ∞.

For a power signal E = ∞.

• If either of conditions are not satisfied, the signal is neither energy

nor power signal.
Some Formulas of math

=1
Problems
Find which of the signals are energy signals, power signals, neither
energy or nor power signals.
1. Q.
Ans:- =
As So,
===0= E=
=
==
= =0, P=0 E= finite and P=0 So it is a energy signal.
Problems (Cont.)
2. Q.
Ans:- =
As, =1, So, = =
E=∞
=
= = =1

As P finite and E infinite so it is a power signal

Problems (Cont.)
3. Q.
Ans:- = = =∞

==
=
As P finite and E infinite so it is a power signal
Problems (Cont.)
4. Q.
Ans:- E= =
So E==
So E==
P= = =
=
, So P= =0 As E is finite and p is zero so energy signal
Problems (Cont.)
5.Q.
Ans:-
E=
=
= =∞
P=
=
= =
Power is finite. So the signal is power signal.
Problems (Cont.)
21+cos 2 𝐴
6. Q. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴=
2
Ans:-E=
=
==
P=
=
= =
Power is finite. So the signal is power signal.
Problems (Cont.)
7. Q.
Problems (Cont.)
8. Q. Determine the power and RMS value of the signal

Ans:- P=
= 2 1+cos 2 𝐴
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴=
= 2
=
=
= (T-(-T))+0 =
The RMS value ==
Classification of systems
System: A system is defined as a physical device or software
realization that performs an operation on a signal.
Classification of systems: The system may be classified as follows:
1. Continuous time and discrete time system
2. Static and dynamic system
3. Causal and non-causal system
4. Linear and non-linear system
5. Time invariant and time variant systems
6. Stable and unstable system.
1. Continuous time and discrete time system

Continuous time system: A continuous time system is one which

operates on a continuous time signal and produces continuous time
output signal.
𝑥 (𝑡 ) 𝑦 (𝑡 )
Continuous-
time system

Fig. 1. Continuous time system

Here = input, Eg. =
]
is transformation
1. Continuous time and discrete time system (Cont.)

Discrete time system: A discrete time system is one which operates on

a discrete time signal and produces discrete time output signal.

𝑥 (𝑛) =]
Discrete-time
system
Fig. 1. Discrete time system
Here = input, E.g.
]
is transformation
2. Static and dynamic system

• A system is called static or memoryless if its output at any instant

depends on the input at that instant only but not on past or future value
of input.
• Otherwise system is said to be dynamic or with memory.
• E.g. ----------------Static
• -------------------static
• -------------------------As it is differentiation depend up on past so
dynamic
• ----- ----- As depend upon past so dynamic.
Problems:
Find the following system are static or dynamic
1 Q.
Ans:- at

As it depend upon past so it is dynamic

2. Q.
Ans:- at
.
As it depend upon future so it is dynamic
Problems (cont.)
3. Q.
Ans:-at

As it depend upon past so it is Static

4. Q.
Ans:- As differentiation means depend upon past
So the system is dynamic
3. Causal and non-causal system
• A system is said to be causal if its output depends upon present and
past inputs only, and does not depend upon future input.
• For non causal system, the output depends upon future inputs also
Example for Continuous time causal system.
• y(t) = 2 x(t) + 3 x(t-3) For present value t=1, the system output is y(1)
= 2x(1) + 3x(-2). Here, the system output only depends upon present
and past inputs. Hence, the system is causal.
Similarly, Eg for Discrete time causal system
• y(n)=nx(n)+x(n-3) where the system depends only on the present and
past inputs
3. Causal and non-causal system (Cont.)

• Example for Non-causal CT system.

y(t)=x(t+3)+x2 (t)
And a DT Non causal system is given by
y(n)=x(2n)
Problems
Check the following systems are causal or not.
1. Q.
Ans:- For ,
For ,
For ,
For all value of , output depends upon present and past not future. So
Causal system
Problems
2. Q.
Ans:- For ,
For ,
For ,
• For all value of , output depends upon present and past not future. So
Causal system
3. Q.
For
The output depends upon future value so system is non-causal
Problems
4. Q.
Ans:- Z()
Z()-Z()
T=1 Z()-Z()
So non-causal
5.Q
n=-1
So non-causal
Problems (cont.)
6.Q
n=-1
So non-causal
4. Linear and non-linear system

• A system is called linear if it satisfies the superposition theorem

• Otherwise system is called non-linear.
Superposition Theorem Superposition theorem states that response of
a linear system to a sum of signal is the sum of the response to each
individual input signal.
• If an arbitrary input produces output , and an arbitrary input produces
output .
• Then, Superposition theorem states that
= (for continuous time)
= (for discrete time)
Problems
Check whether the following system are linear or not.
1 Q.
Ans:-

= ()
= ()
RHS
+ =()+ ()
LHS
=A(
As LHS≠RHS so system is non-linear
Problems
2. Q.

= ()
= ()
RHS
+ =()+()
LHS
=
As LHS≠ RHS, system is non-linear
Problems (cont.)

3. Q.
Ans:-
= ()
= ()
RHS
+ =()+()
LHS
=
As LHS= RHS, system is linear
Problems (cont.)
4. Q.
Ans:-
=
=
RHS
+=+
LHS
=
As LHS≠ RHS, system is non-linear
Problems (cont.)
5. Q.
Ans:-
=
=
RHS
+= +
LHS
=
As LHS≠ RHS, system is non-linear
Problems (cont.)
6. Q.

= ()
= ()
RHS
+ =()+()
LHS
=
As LHS= RHS, system is linear
Problems (cont.)
7.Q. +
Ans:- Let is output for input , is output for input
+ -----------------------(1)
+ -----------------------(2)
Multiply equation (1) by and equation (2) by and adding both equations.
++ + +
+ = + ) --(3)
Equation---(3) shows weighted sum of inputs produces weighted sum of
output so system is linear
Problems (cont.)
8.Q. +
Ans:- Let is output for input , is output for input
+ -----------------------(1)
+ -----------------------(2)
Multiply equation (1) by and equation (2) by and adding both
equations.
++ + +
=+ = + ---------(3)
Equation---(3) shows input is sum nonlinear function to produce output
so, system is non-linear
 Problems (cont.)
9. Q.
Ans:- Let is output for input , is output for input
+ -----------------------(1)
+-----------------------(2)
Multiply equation (1) by and equation (2) by and adding both equations.
++ + +
+= + -(3)
Equation---(3) input is sum nonlinear function to produce output so, system is
non-linear
 Problems (cont.)
10.Q.
Ans:- Let is output for input , is output for input
------------------------------(1)
-----------------------------(2)
Multiply equation (1) by and equation (2) by and adding both equations.
+ --------(3)
Equation---(3) shows weighted sum of inputs produces weighted sum of output
so system is linear
5. Time invariant and time variant systems

• A system is said to be time or shift invariant if its input output

characteristics do not change with respect to time.
• A system is said to be time or shift variant if its input output
characteristic changes with time.
• If, is input, is output of a continuous-time system.
•
• The system is time invariant if

, here in place of put

5. Time invariant and time variant systems (cont.)
If, is input, is output of a continuous-time system.

• The system is time invariant if

= , here in place of put

5. LTI (linear time invariant system)(cont.)
LTI (linear time invariant system)
• For a LTI system the coefficients of differential equation describing
the system are constant.
• If constants are function of time then the system is a linear time
variant system.

E.g.1. +
Here all coefficients are constant, so system is LTI.
E.g.1. +
Here all coefficients is function of time, so system is time variant
system.
Problems
For each of the following systems, determine whether or not the
system is time-invariant.
1.Q.
Ans:- , =

As, ≠ , so system is time-variant

2.Q.
Ans:- , =
-)
As, ≠ , so system is time-variant
Problems (Cont.)
3.Q.
Ans:-,
=

As, ≠ , so system is time-variant

4.Q.
Ans:-:- ,
=

As, ≠ , so system is time-variant

Problems (Cont.)
5. Q.
Ans:- ,
=

As, = , so system is time-invariant

6.Q.
Ans:-

As, ≠ so system is time-variant

Problems (Cont.)
7.Q.
Ans:-

As, ≠ so system is time-variant

8.Q.
Ans:-

As, = so system is time-invariant

Stable versus unstable system
• An arbitrary relaxed system is said to be bounded input and bounded
output (BIBO) stable if and only if bounded input produces a bounded
output otherwise unstable.

• An signal x(t) is said to be bounded if it satisfies the condition |x(t)|≤

Mx<

• Similarly, the output signal is bounded if it satisfies the condition |y(t)|

≤ My<
Typical stable and unstable systems
y(t)

x(t) Bounded Input Bounded output

Stable
system

Unbounded output
Bounded Input Unstable
x(t)
system
Condition for stability for a system having transfer
function
• For continuous time system is stable
If

• For discrete time system is stable

If
Problems
Find whether the system are stable or not?
1.Q.
Ans:- = for a<1
= = ==2
As so system is stable. 𝑢 ( 𝑛 ) =1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 ≥ 0
2.Q. ¿0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛< 0
Ans:- =
= =+= +
= so system is stable.
Problems (Cont.)
for a<1
3.Q.
Ans:- =
=
Here a is more than 1. so summation will be infinite
So, the system is unstable. 𝑢 ( 𝑛 ) =1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 ≥ 0
4.Q. ¿0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛< 0
Ans:- =
= =
+ -1=
so system is stable.
Problems (Cont.)
5.Q.
Ans:-
==
As, so system is stable.
6.Q. 𝑢 ( 𝑡 ) =1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 ≥ 0
Ans:- ¿0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 <0
= )dt ]=-t -
=1, As, so system is stable.
Problems (Cont.)
𝑢 ( 𝑡 ) =1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 ≥ 0
7.Q. ¿0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 <0
Ans:-
= + = = =1
As, so system is stable.
8.Q.
Ans:-
==
so system is unstable.
Example 1
Check whether stable or not : y(t)=tx(t)
• Here, for a finite input, we cannot expect a finite output.
• For example, if we will put x(t)=2⇒y(t)=2t
• This is not a finite value because we do not know the value of t.
• So, it can be ranged from anywhere.
• Therefore, this system is not stable. It is an unstable system
Example 2
Check whether stable or not : y(t)=x(t)/sint
• The sine function has a definite range from -1 to +1
• But here, it is present in the denominator.
• So, in worst case scenario, if we put t = 0 and sine function becomes
zero.
• Then the whole system will tend to infinity. Therefore, this type of
system is not at all stable. Obviously, this is an unstable system.
Example 3
Check whether y(t)=sint.x(t) is stable or not.
• Suppose, we have taken the value of x(t) as 3.

• Here, sine function has been multiplied with it and maximum and minimum
value of sine function varies between -1 to +1.

• Therefore, the maximum and minimum value of the whole function will
also vary between -3 and +3.

• Thus, the system is stable because here we are getting a bounded input for a
bounded output.
Example 4
• Check whether stable or not: y(t)=x(t)+10
• Here, for a definite bounded input, we can get definite bounded
output. i.e. if we put x(t)=2,y(t)=12 which is bounded in nature.
• Therefore, the system is stable.
Example 5
• Check whether stable or not:

Obviously, this is an unstable system