Chapter 5: Sanitary

Drainage Systems
Sanitary Drainage and Ventilating
System
Sanitary Drainage Systems
This system has the job to receive all kinds of
wastes from the Supply system and convey it
to the nearest treatment facility possible.
For a drainage system to be considered
efficient, it must adhere to the natural laws of
nature such as gravity and atmospheric
pressures which affects the system as a
whole.
The Drainage System Consists of Four
Systems namely:
Soil Drainage System
Waste Drainage System
Storm Drainage System
Vent System
Soil Drainage System is composed of a series
of pipes and fittings which receives waste
from water closets.
Waste Drainage system is the system of pipes
which does not receive waste from water
closets.
Storm Drainage System a system that
receives rain water runs down through a
series of receptacles such as leaders,
downspouts and gutters.
Vent System this consists of piping and
General Requirements
A. Piping to be installed in this system must be
air tight, gas tight and water tight.
B. Each plumbing fixture shall be served by
separate water-seal traps on standards
approved by the code. The corresponding trap
to each fixture shall combat odor and germ to
contaminate the interior of the building.
C. The plumbing fixtures shall be attached to
the venting system to prevent problems
such as siphonage and back pressure.
D. A cleanout must be installed for every pipe
run. Situated on the following locations:
- Upper end of every horizontal waste or soil
pipe.
- Deviation from the horizontal line up to
direction not more than 22.5 degrees.
- Within 1.5m from the house sewer connection
with respect to the included radius
of the property line.
- And at every 15m at a horizontal orientation
of a soil or waste pipe
E. All horizontal piping shall be in uniform
centerlines and at a uniform slope of not less
than 2% or 2cm per meter toward the disposal
point.
F. All horizontal piping shall be supported by
code approved supports or anchors at every
3m.
G. Vertical piping shall be supported at equal
intervals at spacing provided by the code for
every kind of pipe.
Materials of the DWV system as
approved by the code.
1. Cast Iron
2. Ductile Iron
3. Galvanized steel (shall not be used underground.
Kept at least 152mm above ground)
4. Galvanized wrought iron (shall not be used
underground. Kept at least 152mm above ground)
5. Lead
6. Copper
7. Brass
8. Series 1000, pvc, dmv
9. Extra Strength vitrified clay pipe (shall not
be used above ground. Atleast 300mm
below finish ground level)
10. Approved material having smooth and
uniform bore.

Note: ABS and PVC DWV can be used in high

rise buildings at the discretion of the RMP
and with full consent of the owner.
Materials approved for fittings:
1. Cast Iron
2. Malleable
3. Lead
4. Copper
5. Brass
6. ABS
7. PVC
8. Vitrified Clay
Vent Pipes
1. Cast Iron
2. Ductile Cast Iron
3. Galvanized Steel
4. Galvanized Wrought Iron
5. Lead
6. Copper
7. Brass
8. Schedule 40, ABS, DWV
9. Series 1000, PVC, DWV
Vent Stacks
1. Copper
2. Cast Iron
3. Galvanized Wrought Iron
4. PVC
Vent Fittings
1. Cast Iron
2. Galvanized Malleable Iron
3. Galvanized Steel
4. Lead
5. Copper
6. Brass
7. ABS
8. PVC
Piping of Sanitary
Drainage System
The Waste Pipe and The Soil Pipe
The Waste Pipe
Two types of the waste pipe based on the kind
of waste it will receive:
1. Direct Waste
2. Indirect Waste
Direct Waste – In plumbing, "direct waste"
refers to wastewater or liquid waste that is
discharged directly into the plumbing system
for removal from a building. This type of
waste typically includes water from sinks,
showers, bathtubs, washing machines, and
other fixtures and appliances that produce
wastewater.
Indirect Waste - In plumbing, "indirect waste"
refers to wastewater that is discharged
through a fixture drain and indirectly enters
the plumbing system for removal from a
building. Unlike direct waste, which is
discharged directly into the plumbing system,
indirect waste flows through a fixture drain and
then into a separate piping system before
joining the main plumbing system. This
separate piping system helps to prevent
contaminants or pollutants from directly
entering the main plumbing system.
The Soil Pipe
Is any pipe that receives waste from water
closets and conveys it to the drain or sewer.
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
Two Principal Classifications of Vents: Stack Vent and Vent Stack
The House Drain and
Sewer Drain
The Waste Pipe and The Soil Pipe
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
HOUSE SEWER – part of the drainage system beginning just outside
the foundation wall and terminating at the main sewer. The terminal
of a house sewer can also be a septic tank.

HOUSE DRAIN – part of the plumbing system which receives the

discharge of all soil and waste stacks within the building and
conveys it to the house sewer (referred to as the collection line)
House Drain may be classified into four types.
1. Combined Drain
2. Sanitary Drain
3. Storm Drain
4. Industrial Drain
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
House Drain and House Sewer
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
House Drain/House Sewer Sizes and Slope
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
The House Trap – a device placed in the house drain immediately inside the
foundation wall of the building; serves as barrier; prevents gases which occur in the
public sewers from circulating through the plumbing system.
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS

DRAINAGE SYSTEM - takes the waste water from the plumbing

fixtures and deliver it to the sewer

SEWERAGE, SEWERAGE WORKS - (construction, collection,

transportation, pumping treatment and final disposition of sewage)
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS

BUILDING SUBDRAIN - underground system; cannot

drain by gravity into the building sewer

SUBSOIL DRAIN - underground drainpipe; receives only subsurface

or seepage water and convey it to a sump for disposal by gravity
flow or by lift pump
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS

BUILDING DRAIN (HOUSE DRAIN) - lowest horizontal piping of

drainage system; conveys to the building sewer beginning 0.6 m.
outside the building wall

BUILDING SEWER (HOUSE SEWER) - starts at the end of the

building drain

HOUSE DRAIN - part of the lowest horizontal piping of a plumbing

system; conveys it to the house sewer

HOUSE SEWER - part of plumbing system extending from about 4 or

5’ from inner face of foundation wall
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS

FIXTURE UNIT - one fixture unit equivalent to a flow rate of 7 ½

gallons of water per min; 28.3 liters per min (1 cu.ft/minute)

PLUMBING UNIT - minimum standard quantity of one (1) water

meter, one (1) water closet, one (1) lavatory, one (1) shower head
and drain for a bathtub or shower stall, one (1) kitchen sink, one (1)
laundry tray and three (3) floor drains and four (4) faucets/hose bib

FIXTURE DRAIN - the drain from the trap of a fixture to the junction
of the drain
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
House Drain, House Sewer, Main Sewer
The Fixture Units
Fixture units are used to connote the waste
load for every fixture as a mean of determining
the waste pipe. One Fixture Unit represents 30
liters of waste in one minute
interval.
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
Fixture Units
Fixture Units
Kind of Fixture Fixture Unit
Bathtub 2
Floor Drain 1
Kitchen Sink 2
Residential Sink 1.5
Lavatory or Wash Basin 1
Laundry Tub 2
Shower Bath 2
Slop Sink 3
Sink, Hotel or Public 2
Urinal 5
Water Closet 6
Combination Fixture 3
Bathroom Group 8
Consisting of water closet, lavatory, bathtub
and overhead shower or water closet ,
lavatory and shower compartment.
For every 15 square foot roof drain 1
Sizes of Fixture Branch and Stack can be
obtained by using this table.
Diameter of Pipe Maximum number of fixture units that maybe connected to
One Horizontal Not Over 3 Stack with 3 or more Branches
Branch Branches Interval
Mm in In one Branch Total in
Interval Stack
32 1¼ 1 2 1 2
38 1½ 3 4 2 8
50 2 6 10 6 24
63 2½ 12 20 9 42
75 3 20 30 20 60
100 4 160 240 90 500
125 5 360 540 200 1100
150 6 620 960 350 1900
200 8 1400 2200 600 3600
250 10 2500 3800 1000 5600
300 12 3800 6000 1500 8400
Example:
Determine the diameter of the soil pipe serving 10
water closets, 3 shower baths, 3 urinals, 2 slop
sinks and 2 wash basins.
Solution:
1. Using Table 5.1, for the Fixture Units.
10 water closets = 10 x 6 units = 60 units
3 shower baths =3 x 3 units = 9 units
3 urinal = 3 x 5 units = 15 units
2 slop sinks = 2 x 3 units = 6 units
2 wash basins = 2 x 1 unit = 2 units
92 units
Using Table 5.2, under total in stack, 92 is
between 60 and 500, therefore, use a soil pipe
of the size 100mm.

In the case of water closets, it is stipulated in

the code that,
“No water closet shall discharge into a drain
less than 75mm or 3 inches diameter pipe.”
Therefore, if the result yields a soil pipe size of
less than 75mm, it customary to use pipe sizes
larger or equal to 75mm in diameter.
Take Note:
A Bathroom Group consists of not more
than one water closet, up to two lavatories
and a bathing facility (either one bathtub or
one shower).
Traps used in Plumbing System

Trap – a device to prevent the

passage of sewer air through it;
also called anti-siphon traps
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
TRAPS USED IN PLUMBING SYSTEM
Two forms of water-sealed traps
1. Common Seal – 2” depth
2. Deep Seal – 4” liquid content
Deep seal – 3” minimum, 4” maximum liquid content
Types of Permissible Traps
1. P-Trap – ½ S
2. Drum Trap
3. Grease Trap
Objectionable Traps/Non-Permissible Traps
1. Full S and ¾ S Traps
2. Bag Trap
3. Mechanically Sealed Trap
4. Internal Partition Trap
5. Light Metal Partition Traps
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
SEAL - vertical distance between
the dip and the crown weir of a
trap/the water in the trap between the
dip and the crown weir

TRAP - a fitting or device so

constructed as to prevent the passage
of air, gas

TRAP ARM - that portion of a

fixture drain between a trap and the
vent

TRAP SEAL (WATER SEAL) -

maximum vertical depth of liquid that
a trap will retain, measured within the
crown weir and the top of the dip of
the trap
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
P-Trap, Trap Arm
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
Drum Trap, Grease Trap
Vents
Plumbing Ventilation
The part of the drainage system responsible for
balancing the atmospheric pressures inside the
plumbing system to provide problems such as
Trap Seal Loss, Retardation of Flow and
Material Deterioration.
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS

3 major difficulties:

1 Trap Seal Loss – inadequate ventilation of the trap/subsequent (-)

and (+) pressures
2 Retardation of Flow in Drainage System-
improper atmospheric conditions due to insufficient ventilation, or
incorrect installation of fittings
3 Material Deterioration and Removal of Objectionable Gases-
wastes of the plumbing system contain chemical elements creating
compounds of acid nature detrimental to piping materials
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
VENTILATION
5 ways in which a trap seal may be lost:
1. Siphonage: minus pressure in the drainage system
Direct Self-Siphonage - found in unventilated traps serving oval-
bottomed fixtures (lavatory, slop sink); result of unequal
atmospheric conditions caused by the rapid flow of water to the trap

Indirect or Momentum Siphonage - the result of a minus

pressure in the waste piping caused by discharge of water from a
fixture installed on a line which serves a fixture placed at lower
elevation
Siphonage by Momentum – the result of a minus pressure in the
waste piping caused by discharge of water from a fixture
installed on a line which serves a fixture placed at lower elevation
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
VENTILATION
5 ways in which a trap seal may be lost:
2. Back Pressure: plus pressure; blows the water out of the fixture into the
room; at those located at the base of soil stacks, or a soil pipe changes its
direction abruptly.
3. Evaporation: use of deep seal trap recommended to prolong the interval
of total loss of the trap seal
4.Capillary Action: a suspension of a foreign object (rag, string, lint) into the
trap seal
5. Wind Effects: wind passing over the top of soil pipe roof terminal; a
downdraft ripple the liquid content
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
Trap Seal Loss, Direct Siphonage
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
Trap Seal Loss, Indirect Siphonage, Capillary Action
Ventilation System
Types of Ventilation
 1. Main Soil and Main Vent
(Stack Vent)
The part of the soil-pipe stack which is used to
vent the soil and waste pipes, attached at the
farthest fixture on the system which extends
through the roof.
2. Main Vent (Vent Stack)
The principal portion of the vent system where
vent branches can be connected and
terminates at the soil-pipe stack. Also called as
the collecting vent, “relief”and “yoke”vents and
tributary.
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
Two Principal Classifications of Vents: Stack Vent and Vent Stack
3.Individual
Vent
Also called the
back vent. Its
serves as a
single trap.
4. Unit
Vent
Also called the
back vent. Its
serves as a
single trap.
5. Circuit
or Loop
Vent
Ventilates two
fixtures of
similar design
positioned
adjacent to
each other at
opposite sides.
6. Relief
Vent
Eliminates the
plus and minus
pressure by
allowing
additional
circulation of
air in
the system.
Often referred
to as the yoke
or by-pass vent.
7. Yoke Vent 8. Wet Vent
also the Main Vent. is a wet ventilation
where a single pipe
serves as a drain for
one fixture and a vent
to another.
9. Looped Vent 10. Local Vent
provides venting for Is a venting system in
battery fixtures which all the fixtures
approximately close to are served by
each individual
other vents
11. Utility Vent
A vent which rises well
above the highest water
level of a fixture and
then turns downward
before it connects to the
main vent or stack vent
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
Island Venting, Wet Venting, Local Vent