Introduction to Data & Data

Analysis
Prepared by Khalid Mohamed Jama
INFORMATION CHANGES
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 Contents

• Why Data
1
Analysis?
• Getting Started - Basics & Definitions
2

• Sources of Data
3

• Measurement
4
Scales
• Lets get going: Steps of Data Analysis
5

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Prepared by: Khalid Mohamed Jama
 Contents

• Why Data
1
Analysis?
• Getting Started - Basics & Definitions
2

• Sources of Data
3

• Measurement
4
Scales
• Lets get going: Steps of Data Analysis
6

5
7
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Prepared by: Khalid Mohamed Jama
 Contents

• Why Data
1
Analysis?
• Getting Started - Basics & Definitions
2

• Sources of Data
3

• Measurement
4
Scales
• Lets get going: Steps of Data Analysis
5

Prepared by: Khalid Mohamed Jama

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 Getting Started - Basics & Definitions

Data
Facts and statistics collected together for reference
or analysis.
Data Analysis
Data Analysis is the process of systematically applying
statistical and/or logical techniques to describe and
illustrate, condense and recap, and evaluate data

Rational for Data

Analysis
To make data understandable for decision
making
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 Getting Started - Basics & Definitions

Qualitative data
Qualitative data cannot be expressed as a number.
Data that represent nominal scales such as gender,
socio economic status, religious preference are
usually considered to be qualitative data. However,
it can be quantified.
Quantitative data
Quantitative data are anything that can be expressed
as a number, or quantified. Examples of quantitative
data are scores on achievement tests, number of hours
of study, or weight of a subject.

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 Getting Started - Basics & Definitions

Statistics
The practice or science of collecting and analyzing numerical
data in large quantities, especially for the purpose of
inferring proportions in a whole from those in a
representative sample.

Types of
Statistics
Descriptive (Understanding e.g. Mean, Median, Variance,
Correlation, etc.)

 Inferential (Decision making e.g. regression, Hypothesis

testing, etc.)
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 Getting Started - Basics & Definitions

Variable
It is a term attributed to the characteristic(s) being
investigated, and can take any value in a reasonable
range. For example, blood group, blood pressure,
age of patients being studied.

KEY INSIGHT

Variable is attributed
according to the type
of data it contains

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 Contents

• Why Data
1
Analysis?
• Getting Started - Basics & Definitions
2

• Sources of Data
3

• Measurement
4
Scales
• Lets get going: Steps of Data Analysis
5

Prepared by: Khalid Mohamed Jama

14
 Sources of
Data
Primary data
Data collected manually by individual or
organizations

Examples
 Questionnaires
 Interviews
 Observation
 Scientific experiments

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 Sources of
Data
Secondary data
Data that someone else or some
other body/organization has KEY INSIGHT
collected
Example For any primary
s Vital Statistics – birth, death rate research,
data secondary
 Private Organizations (e.g. State research/data is
Bank of Pakistan, World Bank, IMF, required for its
etc.) base line
 Hospital, clinic, school nurse
records
 City and county governments
 Surveillance data from state 16
 Contents

• Why Data
1
Analysis?
• Getting Started - Basics & Definitions
2

• Sources of Data
3

• Measurement
4
Scales
• Lets get going: Steps of Data Analysis
5

Prepared by: Khalid Mohamed Jama

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 Measurement Scales

Nominal
Let’s start with the easiest one to understand. Nominal
scales are used for labeling variables, without any
quantitative value.

“Nominal” scales could simply be called “labels.”

• It is mutually exclusive (if one exists, other won’t)

• Example

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 Measurement Scales

Ordinal
• With ordinal scales, it is the order of the values
which is important and significant, but the
differences between each one is not really
known.

• Example:
– Education level (matric, intermediate, graduation)
– Designation (Assistant, Associate, Executive, Assistant Manager,
Manager)
– Agreement (strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agree, strongly
agree)
– Rating (excellent, good, fair, poor)
– Frequency (always, often, sometimes, never)
Prepared by: Khalid Mohamed Jama
– Any other scale (“On a scale of 1 to 5...”)
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 Measurement Scales

Interval
• Interval scales are numeric scales in which we know
not only the order, but also the exact differences
between the values.

• The classic example of an interval scale is Celsius

temperature
because the difference between each value is the
same.

• For example, the difference between 60 and 50

degrees is a measurable 10 degrees, as is the
difference between 80 and 70 degrees.

• Time is another good example of an interval scale

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 Measurement Scales

Ratio
• Ratio scales are the ultimate bliss when it comes to
measurement scales because they tell us about the
order, they tell us the exact value between units,
AND they also have an absolute zero

• Examples:
– Height
– Weight

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Summary of Measurement Scales

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Measurement Scales

KEY INSIGHT
Data values which are of nominal
or ordinal scales are termed as
“Categorical
Data/Variable” and “Non-
Metric Data/Variable”

Data values which are of interval or ratio

scales are termed as “Continuous
Data/Variable” and “Metric
Data/Variable”
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 Contents

• Why Data Analysis?

1

• Getting Started - Basics & Definitions

2

• Sources of Data
3

• Data collection methods

4

• Measurement Scales
5

• Lets get going: Steps of Data Analysis

6

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 Lets get going: Steps of Data
Analysis

Step 1 Step 3
Diversify Data into Information Choose level of
(String/Number) and Analytical measurement for Data
Category (Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio,
Interval Scale)

Segregate it according to Data Check for Objective of study

type i.e. Qualitative and and finalize Analysis to be
Quantitative done

Step 2 Step 4

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 Lets get going: Steps of Data
Analysis
Step 1, 2 & 3
• Data has two types when it comes to planning for
analysis:

– Informative
• Not used for analysis
• Just for reference
• String/Number

– Analytical
• Related to objective
• To generate decision
• Numeric/Quantitative

The above information is for Step 1. Step 2 and 3

have been already discussed
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 Lets get going: Steps of Data
Analysis
Research
Objective
Topic under which the research is conducted is called
research objective or problem.

The statement of objective is converted into research

question or “hypothesis” for testing and decision
making
Researcher/Analytical Mindset

Let’s
discuss…

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 Lets get going: Steps of Data
Analysis
Hypothesis
A testable assumption or proposition about the
population parameter of an under testing variable
is called “Hypothesis” (Decision theory)

• Ho  (objective/claim)  (Null Hypothesis)  ≥,≤,=

(contains equity sign)

• H1  (objective/claim)  (Alternative Hypothesis) 

>,<,≠
(Doesn’t contain equity sign)
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Lets get going: Steps of Data
Analysis

KEY INSIGHT
If the objective is placed in Ho, we
consider its status similar to the
comments as per Ho

If the objective is placed in H1, then

too we comment as per Ho

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 Lets get going: Steps of Data
Analysis
Example
A researcher may postulate a hypothesis:

•H0: Tomato plants exhibit a growth of 200,000

tons in 2016 OR
• H0: u=200,000

• H1: Tomato plants exhibit growth of more than

200,000 tons in 2016
OR
• H1: u>200,000
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