Unit 1

Overview of Operating
system
Content

1.1 Operating system : Concept ,

Component Of OS, Operations of
OS, Views of OS

1.2 Different Types Of OS

1.3 Command Line Based OS

GUI Based OS
• Definitions
An Operating system is the interface
between the user and a computer hardware.

 An OS is a computer program that manages

the resources of a computer.

An OS is a program that controls the

execution of all kinds of program.

An OS is also called as resource manager.

Some Popular OS:
 Unix – Multitasking, Multiprocessing, Protected, Built- in
for networking but not graphics.

 Windows - Multitasking, Multiprocessing, Protected,

Built-in for networking and graphics.

 Dos – Single tasking, single user, Unprotected, With no

built-in support for networking and graphics.

 Linux – Popular version of Unix, open source

 Mac OS – Series of graphical user interface-based OS

 Android – Developed by Android, Based on Linux Kernel,

Used for Smart phones, tabs Etc.
 Components/ Parts of OS:
User 1 User 2 User 3 User 4

Compiler Assembler Text Editor Database System

Application Program

Operating System

Computer Hardware

Fig. structure Of OS
Hardware :-
It is a physical part of machine which provides
basic computing resource. The hardware devices are CPU,
memory, Input devices, Output devices and networking
devices.

Operating System :-
An OS is a program that enables the computer
hardware to communicate and operate with the computer
software.
Application Program : -

It defines the way in which the system resources are

used to solve the computing problems of the users.
Word processor, compiler, web browsers, database system
are the examples of application program.

Users :-

on the basis of role of the users

1) Programmer :- they are designers or producer of software
development
2) Operational Users :- responsible for installation of
software, maintenance of software
3) End users : actual users of the application
Functions of OS:

Memory management
Process Management
Device Management
File management
Error detecting aids
Security
Control over system performance
User interface or command Interpreter
Memory Management:

 An OS is deals with the allocation of main memory.

 It will also has storage area to the system program and
user program.
 Free the memory from process after the execution.

Process Management:

 An OS manages the processor who performs the task by

the computer system.
 Handles Scheduling, Synchronization, Interprocess
communication
 Controls the execution of user application.
Device Management:
 It handles the co-ordination of input and output
devices while programs are being executed.
 OS manages communication, control and monitor
the device drivers

File Management:
 It allows all the files to be easily changed and
modified.
 Creation and deletion of files and directories.
 Provide access to files and allocation of storage
space for files.
Error detection aids:

 Production of dumps , traces, error messages

and other debugging are managed.

Security:
 The resources of a system are protected by
the OS.
 Preventing un authorized access to the
program and data.
Control over system performance:
 Recording delays between request for a service and
response from the system.
 It checks the speed and performance of the system.

User Interface or Command

Interpreter:
 The role of a OS is the interface between user and the
hardware.
 It provides the communication between command or
the GUI.
Operations of OS:
Program management

Resource management

Security and Protections

Program Management:
 A program under execution is called process.

 The object code that is to be executed.

 Resources required by the program to complete the

execution.

 The data on which program will operate.

 Program’s process are created bcz of the following

principals:

 System Initialization
 A user request to create a new process
 Initiation of a batch job
Resource Management:-
 An OS is a program who provides and controls the resources to
the system.

 An OS is also called as resource manager.

 There are many resources like CPU, Memory, I/O devices,

Networking devices etc. in OS.

 Each program gets

 Time with resource
 Space on the resources

 Multiple users can share the resource.

Security and Protection:
 The system is secure if resources are used and accessed
under all the conditions.

 Total security is impossible to achieve.

 In developing OS security is to design the security

mechanism that safe the process execution.

 The protection of a system is consider only about the

internal environment.

 Protection is used to protect information in the

computer.

 Security is used for the overall problems of the system.

Generations of OS:-
1. First Generations (The 1940’s) :-
 The earliest electronic digital computers had no OS.
 Program were entered one bit at a time of mechanical
switches.
 Programming language were unknown.

2. Second Generation(The 1950’s) :-

 Improved with introduction of punch cards.
 General motors research implemented their first OS for their
IBM 701.
 It ran one job at a time.
3. Third Generations( The 1960’s) :-
 The systems of 1960’s were the batch processing
system .

 Advantage of computer resources by running

several jobs at once.

4. Fourth Generation(1970’s):-
 With the development of LSI circuits, chips , OS
entered in the personal computer.

 Micro processor technology evolved.

Generation of Computers:-
1. First Generation (1940-1956) :- It uses Vacuum tubes.
Ex. ENIAC, EDSAC, EDVAC etc
2. Second Generation (1956 – 1963) :- The vacuum tubes are
replaced by Transistors .
Ex. IBM 1401, IBM 1620
3. Third Generation (1964 – 1971) :- It uses integrated circuit
instead of transistors.
Ex. IBM 360 mainframe, IBM 370
4. Fourth Generation (1971 – present) :- It uses the micro
processors.
Ex. Micro computers, Desktop, etc
5. Fifth Generation ( Present to Beyond) :- It works on the
artificial intelligence.(AI)
Ex. Robots. IBM notebooks, Pentium Dual/Quad core etc.
• Different views of Operating System:-
Application view:-

 In application view, we consider the service provided by the OS.

 The program needs processor, memory space and other
resources during the execution.
 This is exactly provided by execution environment.

Users view:-

 In user view, we consider the performance of the OS.

 OS is designed to give ease of use and gaining performance.
 If the users are working on workstations connected to
mainframe, servers, they share the resources of the server.
System View:-
 The OS is known as resource manager.
 The resources includes processors, memory, I/O
devices, networking devices, etc.
 The running program needs resources and OS
allocates it.

Implementation view:-
 The OS is implemented as concurrent, real-time
program.
 Concurrency is because of the requirement of
supporting the applications.
Different Types of OS:-
1) Batch OS
2) Multi programmed OS
3) Time shared OS
4) Multi processor system
5) Distributed systems
6) Real time Systems
7) Mobile OS
1)Batch Operating system:-
 Batch OS is one where program and data are collected together
in batch before processing.
 In this OS , the user has no direct access to the machine.
 Memory management is very simple in this OS.
Advantages of Batch OS:-

1. Increased performance as a new job

started.
2. It works without manual intervention.
3. It has sequential processing.

Disadvantages of Batch OS:-

1. Difficult to provide the desired priority.

2. Lack of interaction between user and job.
2) Multi Programmed OS: -
 When two or more programs are residing in memory at same
time.
 In this, the OS simply switches to execute another job.
Advantages of Multi programming:-
1. Response time is good.
2. Efficient memory utilization.
3. Improves utilization of system resources.

Disadvantages of Multi programming:-

1. Maintenance is expensive.
2. CPU scheduling is required.
3) Time Shared OS:-
 A time sharing OS allows a number of users to share the single
computer system for variety of application at a time.

 A time sharing system is multi programming , multitasking and

multi user environment.
Advantages of Time shared OS:-

1. Each user can get a CPU time.

2. Provide a quick response.
3. Reduces CPU time.

Disadvantages of Time shared OS:-

1. It is more complex than multi programming.

2. Problem in data communication.
3. Security issue.
4) Multi processor system:-
 Multi processor system also known as parallel systems
 They have more than one processor in close communication.
 Multi processor is the use of two or more CPU within a single
computer system.
Advantage of Multi processor:-

1) Higher performance due to parallel processing.

2) It increases reliability.
3) more work done in shorter period of time.

Disadvantages of Multi processor:-

1) Multi processor system is expensive.

2) Large main memory is required.
3) If one processor gets failed it will affect the
speed.
5) Distributed Systems:-
 A distributed system consists of collection of computers,
connected through a network and distribution middleware.
 The middle ware enables computers to coordinate their
activities and to share the resources of the system.
 The middleware connects distributed application the OS.

Advantages of distributed system:-

1) Reliability
2) Sharing of resources
3) Performance
4) Incremental growth

Disadvantages:-

1) Troubleshooting
2) Networking
3) Security
6) Real time System:-
 A real time system is defined as one which controls an
environment by receiving data, processing or returning results.
 A real time system usually have response time measured in
seconds or even milliseconds.
 Real time OS has well defined, fixed time otherwise the system
will fail.
 Application: Industrial control system, Flight Control system,
robots, traffic control, home appliance controller, etc.
 Types of Real time OS:-

1) Hard real time system:-

 A Hard Real-Time System guarantees that critical tasks

complete on time.
 In Hard RTOS secondary storage is limited.
2) Soft real time system:-

 Soft real time system are less restrictive.

 Soft RTOS have limited utility than hard real time OS.

Advantages of RTOS:-

1) Useful for real time industrial application.

2) Flexible
3) Fast response.

Disadvantages of RTOS:-

1) Difficult to maintain
2) Needs good hardware support.
7) Mobile OS:-
1) Android OS:-

 Android OS combines open source code with the application.

 The main goal of android is to support a third-party application
environment.
1) Application:-
 Application is implemented in java language.
 The application likes dialer, browser, camera, media etc.

2) Application framework:-
 The framework application used by the core application can be accessed
fully by the developers.

3) Libraries:-
 This is the third layer of the architecture.
 The communication to this layer is through the application framework
layer.

4) Android Run Time:-

 There are two components work, that is Dalvik virtual Machine and Core
libraries.

5) Linux Kernel:-
 The complete Android OS is constructed on the top of linux kernel.
 This layer contains some drivers which communicate with each other.
2) iOS:-
 iphone OS is developed by Apple.

 In year 2007, ios was released which included iphone and

ipod touch.

 In ios each application is made up of one or more threads,

which represents a single path of execution.

 The iphone os provides tools for system profiling.

 Iphone os has no garbage collection.

 The iphone os security implementation includes daemon

called security server.
Command Line Based OS:-

1) DOS(Disk OS):-
 MS DOS is a microsoft Disk OS.
 It is a single user, non graphical or command lined OS.
 MSDOS.SYS, IO.SYS and COMMAND.COM are three system files of
DOS.
 IO.SYS file contains I/O routines for management of I/O devices.
 MSDOS.SYS file provides the interface between hardware and
software of the system.
 COMMAND.SYS is a command interpreter which displays the
system prompt.
DOS has two types of commands as follows:-

1) Internal command:-

 When the DOS is loaded internal commands are

automatically loaded in the memory.
 The common task like copying, renaming, creating ,
deleting etc are carried out in this commands.

2) External Command:-

 The external commands are used for the complex task.

 Ex. Formatting disk, comparing or joining files etc
 Directory Structure in DOS:-

 It permits grouping related files together in

directories.
 When we format disk, ROOT directory is created by
DOS.
 ROOT is main directory on disk and denoted by \(back
slash).

File structure in DOS:-

 We can store a program or any information in a file.

 File is identified by its name.
 DOS file contains two parts, primary and secondary.
 File extensions indicates type of file like .COM or .EXE
2) UNIX :-

 In 1970, a well known OS is developed by the scientist Ken

Thompson.
 The actual word of UNIX is UNICS (Uniplexed Information
and Computing Service).
 In Unix command line interface is called as Shell.
Users
Standard
Utility
Standard Library
Unix OS
System Hardware

Fig. Layers in UNIX systems

1) System Hardware:- It consists of the hardware of system like
CPU, memory, disk and other devices.

2) UNIX OS :- It controls the hardware and provide a system

call interface to all programs.

3) Standard Libraries:- It contains procedures implemented for

the system calls. That system call makes the program
converted from user mode to kernel mode.

4) System Utilities:- It include the shell, compiler, editors, text

processing program and file utilities.

5) Users:- All the users interacting with the system. There are
three interface , system call interface, library interface, and
interface by the standard utility.
GUI Based OS:-
1) Windows:-
 Microsoft gave MS-DOS a graphical User Interface that it
called windows.
 Too many early versions of windows were failure.
 Windows 95 developed in 1995 had the features of MS-
DOS.
 Goals to design the windows systems.:-
 Security
 Reliability
 Higher performance
 Portability
 Dynamic Device Support
Windows System Components:-
 It follows the layered architecture.
 The main three components are as follows:

1) Hardware Abstraction Layer:- The major goal of this is to

build the OS which is portable. It is responsible for hiding
dissimilarities in hardware.

2) Kernel:- Kernel handle the scheduling of threads,

Synchronization of processor, switching between user
mode to kernel mode.

3) Execution:- An execution is collection of procedure that

work to complete the task.
It consists the components likes I/O manager, process
manager, security manager, cache manager etc.
2) Linux:-
 The first version of Linux as released in 1991.
 It is new version of Unix and open source.
 Linux is designed as a collection of modules.

Features of Linux:-

1) It is free and open source.

2) Supports Graphical User Interface(GUI).
3) It supports multi user, multi threading, and multi
tasking.
4) Linux is portable.
Component of Linux:-
1) Kernel:- It keeps all the important abstractions of
the OS, together with things as virtual memory
and processes.

2) System Libraries:- It defines a standard functions

through which application can interact with the
kernel.

3) System utilities:- These are the program that

carry out individual, specialized management
tasks.