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Operating System 2

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10 views9 pages

Operating System 2

Uploaded by

Ahmad Mustafa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Operating System lecture no 2

Contents

 Single – user system


 Batch system
 Multi programmed systems
 Time-sharing systems
 Real time systems
Reading Material
 Operating Systems Concepts, Chapter 1
 PowerPoint Slides for Lecture 2
Single-user systems

 A computer system that allows only one user to use the


computer at a given time is known as a single-user system.
 The goals of such systems are maximizing user convenience
and responsiveness, instead of maximizing the utilization of
the CPU and peripheral devices.
 Single-user systems use I/O devices such as keyboards, mice,
display screens, scanners, and small printers.
 They may run different types of operating systems, including
DOS, Windows, and MacOS. Linux and UNIX operating systems
can also be run in single-user mode.
.
Batch Systems

 Early computers were large machines run from a


console with card readers and tape drives as input
devices and line printers, tape drives, and card
punches as output devices.
 The user did not interact directly with the system;
instead the user prepared a job, (which consisted of
the program, data, and some control information
about the nature of the job in the form of control
cards) and submitted this to the computer operator.
 The job was in the form of punch cards, and at some
later time the output was generated by the system—
user didn’t get to interact with his/her job.
Multi-programmed Systems
Multi-programming increases CPU utilization by organizing
jobs so that the CPU always has one to execute. The
operating system keeps several jobs in memory
simultaneously.
This set of jobs is a subset of the jobs on the disk which are
ready to run but cannot be loaded into memory due to lack
of space.
Since the number of jobs that can be kept simultaneously in
memory is usually much smaller than the number of jobs
that can be in the job pool; the operating system picks and
executes one of the jobs in the memory.
Multi-programmed Systems ...
Cont’d
 Eventually the job has to wait for some task such as
an I/O operation to complete. In a non multi-
programmed system, the CPU would sit idle.
 In a multi-programmed system, the operating system
simply switches to, and executes another job.
 When that job needs to wait, the CPU simply switches
to another job and so on.
Time-sharing systems

 A time-sharing system is multi-user, multi-process, and


interactive system.
 This means that it allows multiple users to use the computer
simultaneously. A user can run one or more processes at the
same time and interact with his/her processes.
 A time-shared system uses multiprogramming and CPU
scheduling to provide each user with a small portion of a time-
shared computer. Each user has at least one separate program
in memory.
 To obtain a reasonable response time, jobs may have to be
swapped in and out of main memory. UNIX, Linux, Widows NT
server, and Windows 2000 server are timesharing systems
Real time systems
 Real time systems are used when rigid time
requirements are placed on the operation of a
processor or the flow of data; thus it is often used as a
control device in a dedicated application.
 Examples are systems that control scientific
experiments, medical imaging systems, industrial
control systems and certain display systems.
 A real time system has well defined, fixed time
constraints, and if the system does not produce output
for an input within the time constraints, the system
will fail. For instance, it would not do for a robot arm to
be instructed to halt after it had smashed into the car
it was building.
The End

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