THE

CONTEMPORARY
WORLD
JHONNY PET P. TOPASI
DEFINING GLOBALIZATION
What is Globalization?
Globalization encompasses a multitude of processes that involves the economy,
political systems, PROBLEM
and culture. Social structures, therefore, are directly affected by
& SOLUTION
globalization. It cannot be contained within a specific time frame, all people, and all
situations. (Al-Rhodan, 2006)

Since the first appearance of the word ‘Globalization’ in the Webster’s Dictionary
in 1961, many opinions about globalization have flourished. The literature on the
definitions of globalization revealed that definitions could be classified as either (1) broad
and inclusive or (2) narrow and exclusive.
Broad and Inclusive Narrow and Exclusive

 In describing the opportunity by  Its definitions are better justified but can be
which people or factors behind a limiting, in the sense that their application
certain development in a country adhere top only particular definitions.
benefits as well. Definitions mainly focuses on the development
of a country and on the enhancement of its
Example of broad and inclusive policies.
definition of globalization:
“Globalization means the onset of the Example of narrow and exclusive definition of
globalization:
borderless world. For instance, the
“The characteristics of the globalization trend
cosmetic owners here in our country in include the in internationalizing of production, the
which the manufacturer of their product new international division of labor, new migratory
is outside the country, and they movements from South to North, the new
marketed and financed these inside our competitive environment that accelerates these
country.” processes.
 Weeks 3-5:
The Structures
of Globalization
TABLE OF CONTENTS

01 PROBLEM & SOLUTION

The Global Economy 03 The Global Interstate System

Contemporary Global
02 Market Integration 04 Governance
 01
The Global Economy
 Learning Objectives:

Discuss the Dependency Determine the

Discuss the Theories Theory and Latin connection between
of Global American Experience as Economic
Stratification and well as the Economic Globalization, Poverty
Modernization Theory Globalization and Global and Inequality
Trade
8 MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT
GOALS
●Eradicate the extreme Poverty and Hunger
●Achieve Universal Primary Education
●Promote Gender Equality and Women Empowerment
●Reduce Child Mortality
●Improve Maternal Health
●Combat diseases like HIV/AIDS and Malaria
●Ensure Environmental Sustainability
●Have a Global Partnership for Development
FEDERAL POVERTY THRESHOLD
Amounts set by a government to indicate
the least amount of income a family needs to
meet their basic needs.

$12, 880 = Php. 731,487 Php. 96, 264

Extreme poverty according to UN
Severe deprivation of basic human needs

○ Food

○ Safe drinking water

○ Sanitation facilities

○ Health

○ Shelter

○ Education

○ Information
Walt Rostow’s 4 stages of
modernization
Modernization Theory
(1959)

1. Traditional Stage
2. Take-off Stage
3. Drive to Technological
Maturity
4. High Mass Consumption
 • High Mass Consumption

• Drive to Technological Maturity

• Take-off Stage

• Traditional Stage
Theories of Global
Stratification
Global Stratification
- refers to the unequal distribution of
wealth, power, prestige, resources,
and influence among the world’s
nations. Put more simply, there is an
extreme difference between the
richest and poorest nations.
Two Dimensions of Global
Stratification:

1. Gap between nations

2. Gap within nations
 What made other
countries develop faster
than others?
Modernization Theory
- this theory frames global stratification
as a function of technological and
cultural differences between nations.
During modernization theory,
two historical events happened:

1. Columbian Exchange
2. Industrial Revolution
Columbian Industrial Revolution
Exchange - new technologies allowed
- refers to the spread of countries to replace human
goods, technologies, labor with machines and
education and diseases increase productivity.
between the Americas
and Europe after
Christopher Columbus’s
so called “discovery of
the Americas”.
Modernization Theory asserts
that being wealthy could be
attained by everyone.
But why did Industrial Revolution
not take hold everywhere?
According to modernization theory, a
society that is so stiff when it comes
to their tradition and culture may be
less willing to accept change.
Why Europe is so
modernize?
The idea of Modernization Theory
in general, argues that if when we
invest capital in technology, more
wealth are coming and it can change
the overall well-being of the people.
 ECONOMIC
GLOBALIZATION AND
GLOBAL TRADE
 WHAT IS
ECONOMIC
GLOBALIZATION
?
 According to the United Nations (as cited in
Shangquan, 2000), "Economic Globalization refers to the
increasing interdependence of world economies as a result
of the growing scale of cross border trade of commodities
and services, flow of international capital, and wide and
rapid spread of technologies. It reflects the continuing
expansion and natural integration of market frontiers, and
is an irreversible trend for economic development in the
whole world at the turn of the millennium".
There are two different types
of economies associated with
Economic Globalization
 PROTECTIONISM

"A policy of systematic government

intervention in foreign trade with the
objective of encouraging domestic
production. This
encouragement involves giving
preferential treatment to domestic
producers and
discriminating against foreign
competitors"
 TRADE LIBERALIZATION

Is the removal of reduction of restrictions or

barriers on the free exchange of goods
between nation.
 Globalization made countries gain more
in the global economy at the expense of
other
nations. There are various ways.
However, the country can make trade
easier with other
countries while lessening the inequities in
the global world. One of them is "Fair
Fair trade - as defined by the international fair
trade association, it is the "concern for the
social, economic, and environmental well
being of
marginalized small producers" (Downie,
2007, pp.c1-c5).
Dependency
theory and the
Latin American
experience
 •Starting in the 1500s, Eropean explorers
spread throughout the America, Africa, and Asia
claiming lands for Europe. At one point, the British
Empire covered about one-fourth of the world.
•The United States, which began as colonies,
soon sprawled out through the North America and
took control of Haiti, Puerto Rico, Guam, the
Philippines, the Hawaiian Islands, and parts of
Panama and Cuba.
 The transatlantic
slave trade followed a
triangular route between
Africa, the American and
Caribbean Colonies, and
Europe.
After the Second World War, there were many
questions about international relations. One of
these questions was "why are many countries
in the world not developing?" Latin American
scholars, however, are critical of that answer
and are intrigued by their regions
underdevelopment (Sanchez, 2014)
 • Dependency is the condition in which the
development of the nation-states of the South
contributed to a decline in their independence and to
an increase in economic development of the countries
of the North (Cardoso and Felato, 1979)
• In addition, it argues that liberal trade causes
greater impoverishment, not economic improvement,
to less developed countries (Toye, 2003).
 • Dependency theory way initially
developed by Hand Singer and Raul
Prebisch in the 1950s and has been
improved since then. The two main sub-
theories are the North American Neo-
Marxist approach and the Latin American
Structuralist approach (Sanchez, 2014).
 • First proposed in the late 1950s
by the Argentine economist and
statesman Raúl Prebisch,
dependency theory gained
prominence in the 1960s and '70s.
According to dependency theory,
underdevelopment is mainly Raúl Prebisch
"Father of
caused by the peripheral position Dependency
of affected countries in the world Theory'
 World System
Theory
Immanuel Wallerstein
developed World Systems
Theory and its three-level
hierarchy: core, periphery, and
semi-periphery. Immanuel Wallerstein
September 28, 1930 –
August 31, 2019
PERIPHERAL NATIONS
Are countries that are
less developed and receive
an unequal distribution of
the word's wealth.
CORE NATIONS
Are more industrialized
nations who receive the
majority of the word's
wealth.
 • Dependency theorist saw
that the development of
peripheral nation is stagnant
because of the exploitative
nature of the core nations.
(Ferraro, 2008)
 WHAT'S THE
CONNECTION OF THE
LATIN AMERICAN
EXPERIENCE IN TO THE
DEPENDENCY THEORY?
 Global
Income
Inequality
There are two main
types of Economic
Inequality:
Income
Wealth Inequality
It is the unequal distribution
Inequality
of assets among people and It is how unevenly income is
organizations. distributed throughout a
population. It is often
accompanied by wealth
inequality, which is the uneven
distribution of wealth.
 Economic
Globalization,
Poverty and
Inequality
What is the relationship
between economic
globalization, poverty and
inequality?
Globalization leads to poverty
reduction and it reduces
income inequality.
How does Economic globalization
affect poverty?

Economic growth is the main channel

through which globalization can affect
poverty. In general, when countries open
up to trade, they tend to grow faster
and living standards tend to increase.
 The Swedish statistician
Hans Rosling said, “The 1 to
2 billion poorest in the world
who don’t have food for the
day suffer from the worst
disease globalization
deficiency. The way
globalization is occurring
could be much better but the
worst thing is not being part
 What is Multiplier Effect?

An increase in one economic

activity can lead to an increase in
other economic activities.
 In the absence of regulation,
it is possible that workers would
not be horribly mistreated.

First, public awareness

is growing along with the
pressure from the
international community to
take steps to protect workers.
 The second step
comes from those who
support globalization.
 Microcredit
is the extension of very small
loans (microloans) to
impoverished borrowers who
typically lack collateral, steady
employment, or a verifiable credit
history. It is designed to support
entrepreneurship and alleviate
poverty.
● “

In my experience, poor
people are the world’s greatest
entrepreneurs. Every day they
must innovate in order to
survive. They remain poor
because they do not have
opportunities to turn their
creativity into sustainable
● -Yunus (2012)

income.
 Economic globalization has
helped millions of people get out
of extreme poverty but the
challenge of the future is to lift
up the poor while at the same
time keep the planet livable.
ENVIRONMENTAL
DEGRADATION
 What is Environmental
Degradation
The ?
depletion or destruction of a potentially renewable
resource such as soil, grassland, forest, or wildlife by using it at
a faster rate than it is naturally replenished. If such use
continues, the resource can become nonrenewable on a
human time scale or nonexistent (extinct).
 Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution transformed economies
that had been based on agriculture and handicrafts
into economies based on large-scale industry,
mechanized manufacturing, and the factory system.
 EFFICIENCY
Finding the quickest possible way of producing large
amounts of a particular product.

CYCLE OF
Efficiency EFFICIENCY
made buying of goods easier for the people, which
resulted in increased in demand. The increase in demand,
resulted in increased in efficiency.
This cycle harms the planet in a number
of ways:
 The earth’s atmosphere is damaged by more
carbon emissions from factories around the
world.

 Destruction of coral reefs and marine

biodiversity as more and more waste are thrown
into the ocean.
Many experts do not think that the
planet can sustain a growing global
economy. Deforestation, pollution,
and climate change will not adjust
for us, especially if increases in living
standards lead people to demand
more consumer goods like cars,
meat, and smartphones.
• Harvey (2005) noted that neoliberals
and environmentalists debate the
impact of free trade in the environment.
• Environmentalists argue that
environmental issues should be given
priority over economic issues (Antonio,
2007)
There are significant challenges involved in
implementing various measures such as “carbon
tax” and “carbon neutrality” to deal with
environmental problems (Ritzer, 2015)

For example, Barnuevo (2007) stated that the

use of ethanol as an alternative to gasoline has
an attendant set of problems –it is less efficient
and it has led to an escalation in the price of
corn, which currently serves as a major source of
ethanol
 Previous experience in dealing with
environmental issues indicates that a global
view of the problem is required.
 02
Market Integration
The social
institution that
has one of the
biggest impacts
is the Economy.
Market Integration
Is where the exchange Is a set of affairs or a
of goods and services process of involving
takes place attempts to combine
separate national
economic into larger
economic region
 THREE TYPES OF
MARKET INTEGRATION
1. Horizontal Integration

- This occurs when a firm or agency

gains control of other firms or agencies
performing similar marketing functions
at the same level in the marketing
sequence.
2. Vertical Integration
- This occurs when a firm performs more than one
activity in the sequence of the marketing process.
- It is a linking together of two or more functions in the
marketing process within a single firm or under a single
ownership.

3. Conglomeration
- A combination of agencies or activities not exactly
related to each other, when it operates under unified
management, be termed a conglomeration
 THREE SECTORS OF
ECONOMY
PRIMARY SECONDARY TERTIARY
SECTOR SECTOR SECTOR

Extracts Gains the raw materials Involves services rather

raw materials from natural and transform them than goods
environments into manufactured
 INTERNATIONAL
FINANCIAL
INSTITUTIONS (IFI)

IFI refers to financial Institution that have been

established by more than one country. The most
prominent IFIs are creations of multiple nations,
although some bilateral financial institutions.
 Common Goals of IFI:
- To reduce global poverty and improve
people’s living conditions and standards
- To support sustainable economic, social
institutional development; and
- To promote regional cooperation and
integration
 The Bretton Woods System
1940s to 1970s

July 1994 Chairmen of the 44 country

Bretton Woods, New delegations at the Bretton
Hampshire Woods Conference
 Harry Dexter John Maynard
White Keynes
- He was a senior - He was a chief
US Treasury international
department economist at the
official. Treasury
- He dominated the department.
conference and - His plan
his vision of post- envisioned a
war financial global central
institutions bank called the
prevailed over Clearing Union
those of Keynes. and issue a new
- Envisioned a more international
modest lending reserve currency
fund and a called the bancor.
greater role for
the US Dollar,
rather than the
• Exchange rate stability

• Prevent competitive
devaluations

• Promote economic growth

 5 Key Elements
The expression of currency in terms of gold
1 or gold value to establish a par value
(Boughton, 2007)

“The official monetary authority in each

2 country (a central bank or its equivalent)
would agree to exchange its own currency for
those of other countries at the established
exchange rates, plus or minus a one-percent
margin” (Boughton, 2007, pp. 106-107)
 The establishment of an overseer for
3 these exchange rates; thus, the
International Monetary Fund (IMF) was
founded

Eliminating restrictions on the currencies

4 of member states in the international
trade

5 The US Dollar became the global

currency
In 1958, the
Bretton Woods
system became
fully functional as
currencies became
convertible.
- Unfortunately, in 1971, concerned that the
U.S. gold supply was no longer adequate to
cover the number of dollars in circulation,
President Richard M. Nixon devalued the U.S.
dollar relative to gold.

- After a run-on gold reserve, he declared a

temporary suspension of the dollar’s
convertibility
- By 1973, theinto gold.Woods System had
Bretton
collapsed.
GATT and
WTO
General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade & World
Trade Organization
General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade
The GATT was a treaty
created after World War
II that regulated World
Trade in an effort to aid
economic recovery.
World Trade
Organization
An organization
which regulates
international trade.
 GATT WTO
The GATT was provisional. The WTO and its agreements
are permanent.

GATT had “contradicting The WTO has “members”

parties”

The GATT dealt with trade in The WTO deals with trade in
goods. services and intellectual
property as well.
The
International
Monetary
Fund(IMF) and
the World Bank
 The It serves as to stabilize the
International Monetary
Internationa System acts as a monitor of
the world's currencies.

l Monetary Aim: to help the economic

stability of the world
Fund (IMF)
 World Bank
It is a group who are
working with
developed countries
to reduce poverty
and increase shared
prosperity. 8
 The Goals of IMF and
World Bank
World Bank goal is to IMF goal is to help
revolved around the countries which
eradication of poverty and it we're in trouble at
that time and who
funded specific projects that
could not contain by
helped them reach their any means
goals especially in poor
countries.
 The Organization for
Economic Cooperation and
development (OECD)

Is a intergovernmental organization's with 38

members countries, founded in 1961 to
stimulate economic progress and World trade.
Organization Of European
Economic
Cooperation(OEEC)
On the 1948-OEEC was founded
implemented martial plant. The
martial plant was 8th program
initiate the body of United States
of America
 The OEEC was renamed
OECD in 1961. It continue
focus to stimulate the
economic progress and
facilitating World trade.

The OECD began to help

countries in Central Europe
to prepare for market 92

economy reforms.
Organization of
Petroleum Exporting
Countries (OPEC)
The Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries
intergovernmental
organization of 13
countries.
COUNTRIES:
our
office

94
NORTH
AMERICAN
FREE
TRADE
AGREEMEN
NAFTA A trade pact that
eliminated most
tariffs and other
trade barriers on
products and
services passing
between the
Single Free-Trade Zone
three largest
countries of
North America
which are the
Canada, United
96
“Worst trade deal maybe ever
signed anywhere.”
- Donald Trump
Effects of North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

MEXICO

UNITED STATES

CANADA
\

98
 Positive and
Negative
Consequences of
NAFTA
99
Generally, NAFTA has its positive and negative consequences.

POSITIVE CONSEQUENCES:

100
NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES:

101
 History of
Global Market
Integration
Before the rise of today’s modern economy, people only produced for their
family. Nowadays, economy demands the different sectors to work together
in order to produce, distribute, and exchange products and services. What
caused this shift in the way people produce for their needs? In order to
understand this, we will be going back in time, 12,000 years ago.
These includes:
 Agricultural Revolution
 Industrial Revolution
- capitalism
- socialism
 Information Revolution

103
 The
Agricultural
Revolution
and The
Industrial
Revolution
 Agricultural Revolution
The Agricultural Revolution was the
unprecedented increase in agricultural
production in Britain due to increases in
labor and land productivity between the
mid-17th and late 19th centuries. The rise
in productivity accelerated the decline of
the agricultural share of the labor force,
adding to the urban workforce on which
industrialization depended.
 Agriculturist who was a great
enthusiast of four-field crop
rotation and the cultivation of
turnips.

Charles “Turnip” Townshend

The Industrial Revolution
 Why did Industrial Revolution
start?
Before Industrial Revolution manufacturing took place in homes or
rural areas and it was done by hand. Some products made in home
(including clothing, furniture, tools, cloth, hardware, jewelry, leather,
silverware, and weapons) were even exchanged for food. But, people
lived in fear that the crops they grew might fail, as many of them
already suffered from malnutrition. In addition, diseases and other
epidemics were unfortunately common. Hence machines were
introduced to enhance the effective production.
Causes of Industrial
Revolution
Historians have identified several causes for
the Industrial Revolution, including: the
emergence of capitalism, European
imperialism, efforts to mine coal, and the
effects of the Agricultural Revolution.
Inventors and Inventions of Industrial
Revolution
(Spinning and Weaving)

Spinning Jenny The Water Frame

(by James Hargreaves,1770) (by Richard Arkwright,
 (The Telegraph and the Telephone)

The Telegraph
(by William Fothergill Cooke and
Charles Wheatstone,1837) The Telephone
(by Alexander Graham
Bell,1876)
 (The Steam Engine) (Harnessing Electricity)

Watt’s Steam Engine

Electric railways and tramways
(by Scottish Inventor James Watt,1965)
(by Werner Von Siemens, 1879)
(The internal-combustion engine
and the automobile)

The internal –combustion engine

(by Étienne Lenoir,1859)
Capitalism
and
Socialism
There are two competing economic models that
spring up around the Industrial Revolution, as
economic capital became more and more
important in the production of goods.

Capitalism and socialism are economic systems

that countries use to manage their economic
resources and regulate their means of
production. In fact, few countries today are
purely one or the other.

115
 Capitalism
-a system in which all natural resources and
means of production are privately owned.

-emphasizes profit maximization and competition

as the main drivers of efficiency
116
Adam Smith, 1770
He described capitalism as the
“invisible hand” of the market.

The idea is that if one leaves a

capitalist economy alone, consumers
will regulate things themselves by
selecting goods and services that
provide the best value.

117
 Top 10 Countries with the Most Capitalist Economies -
2021 Heritage Index of Economic Freedom:

1. Singapore (Freedom
score: 89.7)
2. New Zealand (83.9)
3. Australia (82.4)
4. Switzerland (81.9)
5. Ireland (81.4)
6. Taiwan (78.6)
7. United Kingdom (78.4)
8. Estonia (78.2)
9. Canada (77.9)
10. Denmark (77.8)
118
 Advantage
Disadvantages s
● Unequal distribution of wealth ● Optimization of Resources
● Could result in costs to the ● Leads to increased individual
environment wealth
● Propensity for industrial unrest ● Increases consumer choices
● Labor could be under-valued ● More efficient production
and exploited ● Results in profit maximization
● Capital could reside with a few
people

119
Socialism
- an economic system in
which the production are
under collective ownership.
120
 It rejects the capitalism’s
private property and
hands-off approaches.
Instead, property is owned
by the government and
allocated to all citizens, not
only in those with the
money to afford it.
121
When Karl Marx first wrote about
socialism, he viewed it as a
stepping stone towards
communism.

COMMUNISM- a political and

economy system in which all
members of a society are socially
equal.
Karl Heinrich Marx, German economist and
socialist revolutionary. His best-known titles
are the 1848 pamphlet The Communist
Manifesto and the four-volume Das Kapital.

122
Countries that modeled their
economies around socialism:
• Cuba
• North Korea
• China
• The United Socialist
Soviet Republic
• Vietnam
• Laos
THE
INFORMATION
REVOLUTION
Is a period of change that might prove
as significant to the lives of people.
Computer technology is at the root of
this change, and continuing
advancements in that technology
seem to ensure that this revolution
would touch the lives of people.
Primary Labor Market &
Secondary Labor Market
 Primary Labor
Market
 The primary labor market
includes jobs that provide
many benefits to workers, like
high incomes, job security,
health insurance, and
retirement packages

126
 Secondary Labor
Market
 Secondary labor market jobs provide fewer
benefits and include lower-skilled jobs and
lower-level service sector jobs.
 They tend to pay less, have more
unpredictable schedules, and typically do not
offer benefits like health insurance.
 They also tend to have less job security.

127
 03
The Global Interstate

System
 DEFINING
“STATE”
State is independent political communities
each of which possesses a government and
asserts sovereignty about a particular
portion of the earth’s surface and a particular
segment of a human population.
-Hedley Bull
 DEFINING “INTERSTATE”
A system of unequally powerful and competing
states in which no single states is capable of
imposing control on others. These states are in
interaction with one another in a set of shifting
alliances and wars and change in relative power
of states upsets any temporary sets of alliances,
leading to a restricting of balance of power.
- Chase Dunn
IN A HIGHLY GLOBALIZED
WORLD, IS ECONOMIC
SOVEREIGNTY STILL
ACHIEVABLE?
 WHAT IS GLOBAL
INTERSTATE SYSTEM ?
It is the whole system of human
interactions. The modern world-system
structured politically as interstate system.

A system of competing and allying states.

Political scientist commonly call this the
international system, and it is the main
focus of the field of International
Relations.
GLOBAL INTERSTATE
SYSTEM ?
The theory of the interstate system
holds that all states are defined
through their relationship to other
states or through participation in the
world economy, and that divisions
between states help to divide the
world into a core, periphery and
semi-periphery.
 Three tiered
hierarchy: Core,
Semi-periphery &
Periphery
Core: high income nations in the world
economy. They are dominant capitalist
countries that exploits peripheral countries
for labor and raw materials .
Semi-periphery: middle-income
MARS such as India and Brazil. These
countries,
are considered as semi-periphery due to
their closer
Despite being red, Mars ties to the
is a cold place. It’s full of
global
It’s a gas giant, the economic core.
biggest planet in the
Periphery-
iron oxide dust low Solar income
System countries .
Dependent on core countries for capital and
have underdeveloped industry.
RESULT: GLOBAL
NEOLIBERALISM

-The intensification of the influence and dominance of

capital
- Values market exchange capable of acting as a guide to
all human action
-Emphasizes the significance of contractual relations in the
market place
- Social good will be maximized by maximizing the reach
and frequency market transaction
ECONOMIC SOVERIEGNTY
- The power or national government to make decisions
independently of those made by others governments.
 EFFECTS OF
GLOBALIZATION
TO
GOVERNMENTS
GOVERNMENT

It is a group of people who have the ultimate

authority to act on behalf of a state.

SOVEREIGNTY
Right to govern one’s own territorial borders.
DECISIONS

CONFLICT GOVERNMENT
- Elections

RESOLUTION
CIVIL SOCIETY

- can be understood as “third sector” of society,

distinct from the government, business, and
including the family, and the private sphere.

● PRIVATE ECONOMY ● HOSPITALS

● EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS ● FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS
● CHURCHES ● OTHER NON-PROFIT
ORGANIZATIONS
 WHAT IS EXTERNAL INTERVENTION?

 It is a mechanism that the international community

uses for conflict management in a country.
 It is can generally be described as invasion by other
countries to one particular country.
EXAMPLES:
1. The Iran Invasion of Kuwait in 1990
2. Russia’s external intervention into the affairs of Ukraine
3. The U.N. intervened in Sudan
 CHALLENGES
FROM NATIONAL
IDENTITY
WHAT IS ETHNIC IDENTITY?

▫ In countries that have multiple ethnic

groups, ethnic identity and national
identity may be in conflict. These
conflicts are usually referred to as
ethno-national conflict.
IMMIGRATION
▫ Some countries are less inclusive. For example,
Russia has experienced two major waves of
immigration influx, one in the 1990s, and the other
one after 1998. Immigrants were perceived
negatively by the Russian people and were viewed as
"unwelcome and abusive guests." Immigrants were
considered outsiders and were excluded from
sharing the national identity of belonging to Russia.
GLOBAL SOCIAL
MOVEMENTS
WHAT IS SOCIAL MOVEMENTS?

Social movements are movements of

people that are spontaneous or that
emerge through enormous grassroots
organization. Most of the time, they are
not seen as a threat but they definitely
challenge state sovereignty
 Example:

• Human rights movements create a public sentiment, value,

and agenda. The idea is that there are certain rights that
states cannot neglect or generally, what we call human
rights.
• If a country decides that they are going to have a
particular policy and if that policy violates the
international standard of human rights, there is a
challenge to the ability of states to fully
implement it. An example is the United States'
position on the death penalty.
 GLOBAL
ECONOMICS
FREE-MARKET
A free market is one where voluntary
exchange and the laws of supply and
demand provide the sole basis for the
economic system, without government
intervention.

ORGANIZATIONS:
● WTO
● Regional Agreements - NAFTA, EU,
ASEAN
NEOLIBERAL ECONOMICS
 Focuses on free trade and dismantling
trade barriers.
 Requires a state to corporate in the global
market through the free flow of capital,
privatization of services, and fiscal
austerity or constraint.
 Seen as threat
FREE TRADE
- A pact between two or more nations to reduce
barriers to export and import among them.

MARKET
LIBERALIZATION
- The removal of controls in an industry or market
to encourage the entry of new suppliers and
thereby, to increase the intensity of
competitions.
152
 ECONOMIC CRISES can force government to
subscribe to the terms and conditions of the global
financial market and of other nations that can help
them regain economic stability.

153
THE RELEVANCE OF THE STATE
AMID GLOBALIZATION

STATE
- Derived from the word ‘status’. It
is a distinctive political community
with its own set of rules and
practices and that is more or less
separate from other communities

154
FOUR ELEMENTS
OF STATES
  POPULATION- Is the total number of persons inhabiting a
particular place like city, state, country, etc.
 GOVERNMENT- There can be no state without government.
Government is the working agency of the state. It is the
political organization and in order to make and enforce laws,
the state must have the highest authority.
 SOVEREIGNTY- It means supreme and final authority above
and beyond which no legal power exists.
 TERRITORY- State is a territorial unit. A state cant exist in the
air or at sea. The size of the territory of a state can be big or
small; nevertheless it has to be definite. Well-marked portion of
territory.
 INSTITUTIONS THAT GOVERNS
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

INTERNATIONAL
UNITED WORLD MONETARY
WORLD TRADE
NATION BANK ORGANIZATION
FUND

NORTH NORTH
INTERNAL
ATLANTIC AMERICAN FREE
COURT OF
TREATY TRADE
JUSTICE
ORGANIZATION AGREEMENT
UNITED NATIONS
- 192 member states
- Seen as the facilitator of global governance
- Headquarters in New York, USA with regional headquarters in
Geneva, Switzerland; Vienna, Austria; and Nairobi, Kenya.
- Has regional commissions which is composed of officials from
different counties that is in charge of making certain laws
promulgate certain rights for economic and social development
- For Asia Pacific: UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia
and the Pacific (ESCAP) based in Bangkok, Thailand.
WORLD BANK
An international development organization owned by 187
countries. Its role is to reduce poverty by lending money
to the government of its poorer members to improve their
economies and to improve the standard of living of their
people.
 INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND

Looks at the stability of the international monetary system

by monitoring global economy, lends to countries and
provides policy and technical advisory functions.
 WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION

Regulates international trades, ensures sooth flow

of trade, and provides a forum for negotiations for
trade agreements among countries and regions of
the world.
NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY
ORGANIZATION
-promotes democratic values and encourages consultation
and cooperation on defense and security issues to build trust
and, in the long run, prevent conflict. NATO is committed to
the peaceful resolution of disputes.
 INTERNATIONAL COURT
OF JUSTICE
- The Court's role is to settle, in accordance with
international law, legal disputes submitted to it by States and
to give advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by
authorized United Nations organs and specialized agencies.
NORTH AMERICAN FREE
TRADE AGREEMENT
- NAFTA's purpose was to encourage economic activity
among North America's three major economic powers:
Canada, the U. S., and Mexico. Proponents of the agreement
believed that it would benefit the three nations involved by
promoting freer trade and lower tariffs among Canada,
Mexico, and the United States.
PEACE TREATIES AND MILITARY
ALLIANCES:THE UN AND NATO
 ITS GOAL
Maintaining peace and building friendships is the number
one goal of the UN, as well as providing a forum where
countries could gather to discuss global issues.
WHAT IS PEACE AND SECURITY?

According to the UN (2011), peace and

security are maintained "by working to
prevent conflict; helping parties in
conflict make peace; peacekeeping; and
creating the conditions to allow peace to
hold and flourish.
 NATO AND UN
• NATO and the U.N. are two organizations trying to work together
despite the fact that they have very different philosophies: NATO
is an organization designed to fight war, if necessary, in order to
defend peace; whereas the U.N. is an organization designed to
avoid war in order to maintain peace.
• NATO and the United Nations (UN) share a commitment to
maintaining international peace and security. The two
organizations have been cooperating in this area since the early
1990s, in support of peace-support and crisis-management
operations.
Non-
Government
Organizations
 NGO’s
Classification
By level of orientation By level of operation
1.Charitable orientation 1.Community based organization
2.Service orientation 2.City wide organizations
3.Participatory orientation 3.National NGO’S
4.Empowering orientation 4. International NGO's
 Types of NGO'S
BINGO: - (business-friendly international NGO or big international
NGO). for example: Red cross.
ENGO:- (Environmental NGO) for example: The World Wildlife Fund.

GONGO: - (Governmental-operated NGO), According definition, it's

not an NGO but an organization created by a government as
resemble an NGO for further some agenda.
INGO:- (International NGO), for example - Oxfam.
RINGO: - (Religious international NGO), for example: -
Catholic Relief Services.
 Examples of Non-Government Organizations
Red Cross (Red Crescent in Muslim countries)
-They provide emergency relief such as food, water, and
medical supplies for those whose homes or towns have
been destroyed by disaster or war. They also monitor the
treatment of prisoner of wars and go to conflicts to make
sure that no war crimes are taking Place. In fact, the Red
Cross began as an organization to help those who were
wounded during wars. The big Red Cross worn by NGOS is
the identification that they are not soldiers.
 The Contemporary World
is characterized by being connected
through;
❖ Internet
❖ Modern transportation
❖ Advanced communication
technologies

106
 Contemporary
Global Governance
Global Governance
- The sum of laws, norms, policies, and
institutions that define, constitute and
mediate trans-border relations
between states, cultures,
intergovernmental, nongovernmental
organization and the market.
 Specific Factors behind the
Emergence of Global Governance
• Declining power of nation-states. I states themselves were
"highly contingent and in flux" (Cerny, 2007, p. 854), it
would open the possibility of the emergence of some form
of global governance to fill the void.

• Vast flows of all sorts of things that run into and often right
through the borders of nation-states. This could involve the
flow of digital information of all sorts through the Internet.
It is difficult, if not impossible, for a nation-state to stop
such flow and in any case.
 WHAT IS NATIONAL IDENTITY ?
• National Identity is a person's identity or sense of
belonging to one state or to one nation. It is the sense
of " a nation as a cohesive whole, as represented by
distinctive traditions, culture, and language.
• "National identity may refer to the subjective feeling
one shares with a group of people about a nation,
regardless of one's legal citizenship status. National
identity is viewed in psychological terms as "an
awareness of difference", a "feeling and recognition of
'we' and 'they".
 “In Globalization, there is no such thing as absolute
interconnectedness. There will always be factors that
will separate a place, a world, and individual, or a group
to the rest of the world.” (Cabanero, 2021)

As we all know, this is an American flag. America

is one of the most influential countries in terms of
politics and economy. However, when we use
America and add another word before America
such as Latin, the whole concept will change.
Now, what is Latin America? Latin America refers to the countries that were
colonized by the Spaniards in the American continent.
contrary to the ideal America, Latin America on the
other hand, reminds people of poverty, and corruption.
If we try to look in the history of the word ‘Latin’, it has
divided the South America to the rest of the world.
 First World and Second World
The capitalist economist were considered First World and
communist economist were referred to as Second World.

Capitalism- an economic and political system, in which a

country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners
for profit rather than by the state. They believe that every
individual has the right to own properties.
Communism- A system where all property is public—people
work and are given things by the government according to
their needs. There is a collective ownership of property unlike
in capitalism.
 North and South
After the cold war, many see primary global division as
Divide
being between North and South.

Global North and Global

South
The Global North- refers to developed societies of Europe
and North America, which are characterized by established
wealth, technological advancement, political stability zero
population growth and dominance of world trade and politics.
Considered as the high income countries.
The Global South- refers to the developing countries
which represents mainly agrarian economies in Africa,
India, Latin America and other that are not
economically sound and politically stable. Tend to
characterized by war, conflict, and poverty. Considered
Asian Regionalism
What is Regionalism?
• A political ideology that favors a specific region over
a greater area.
• It usually results due to political separations, religion,
geography, cultural boundaries, linguistic regions and
managerial divisions.

What is Regionalization?
• The division of a nation into states or provinces.
 Regionalization VS Globalization
• As to nature, globalization promotes the integration of economics across
state borders all around the world but regionalization is precisely the
opposite because it is dividing an area into smaller segments.
• As to market, globalization allows many companies to trade on
international level so it allows free market but in regionalized system,
monopolies are likely to develop.
• As to cultural and societal relations, globalization accelerate to
multiculturalism by free and inexpensive movement of people but,
regionalization does not support this.
• As to aid, globalized international community is also more willing to
come to the aid of a country stricken by a natural disaster but, a
regionalized system does not get involved in the affairs of other areas.
 Factors Leading to the Greater
Integration of the Asian Regions
• Regional integration is a process in which neighboring states enter into
an agreement in order to upgrade cooperation through common
institutions and rules.
• The objectives of the agreement could range from economic to political to
environmental, although it has typically taken the form of a political
economy initiative.
• Regional integration has been organized either via supranational
institutional structure or through intergovernmental decision-making, or a
combination of both.
• Intra-regional trade refers to trade which focuses on economic exchange
primarily between countries of the same region or economic zone.
 GLOBAL
MEDIA
CULTURES
 GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURES
GLOBALIZATION- The increase process by which the world is becoming
increasingly interconnected as a results of massively increased trade and
cultural exchange
MEDIA- A tool for the interaction of people within different cultures
• A carrier of culture
• Play significant roles in shaping the global process of economics, politics, and
culture—the three aspects that make up the multidimensionality of
globalization.

CULTURE- Unified style of human knowledge, beliefs, and behavior, from which
people learn, the ability to communicate knowledge to the next generation. Its
development has been mainly influenced by media.
 What is
Global Media Culture?
Global Media Cultures
explores the relationship
between the media,
culture, and globalization.
Arjun Appadurai (1996) contents that advances in media together
with migration, changing migration patterns as people easily move
around the world due to the advancement of technology and
transportation. This fundamentally changed the human life and
give way to globalization.

• Globalization could not occur without media.

• Globalization and media have proceed together through time and
supported these claims by outlining the development of media
throughout time. The essence of these ideas is simplified in the
statement that “media have made globalization possible”.
FIVE STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF MEDIA

Oral Communication

Script

Printing press

Electronic Media

Digital Media
ORAL COMMUNICATION
• Language allow humans to communicate and share information
• Became the most important tool for exploring the world and the
different cultures.
• Language help people move and settle down.

SCRIPT
• It allowed humans to communicate over a large space and for a
much longer duration
• It allowed the permanent codification of economic, cultural, and
political practice.
PRINTING PRESS

• It allow the continuous production, reproduction, and circulation

of print materials.

ELECTRONIC MEDIA
• It includes the telegraph, telephones, radio, film and television.
• The wide range of these media continue to open up new
perspectives in economic, political, and cultural process.
MEDIA
• It allows the advertisement of productions and online business
transactions
 WHAT IS GLOBAL INTEGRATION?

• The process with which the local Indian market opens

up to the global economy.
• The global integration can involve the processes of
product standardization and technology development
centralization.
Globalization isn’t possible to occur without media.

Electronic media allow opportunities to

spread all over the world. Radio and
Television is a powerful mass medium in
providing accessible information for
people. Digital media through phones and
computers allows people to access
information around the world.
 GLOBAL AND LOCAL CULTURAL PRODUCTS

WHAT IS GLOBAL PRODUCT?

Those products that ae marketed internationally under the same
brand name, features, and specifications across countries. Examples:
Mc Donalds, Coca Cola, and Apple Iphone
Dynamics Between Global and Local Cultural Production
Collaboration is
necessitated by their
desires to expand while
Globalization led being sensitive to local
local and global COLLABORATION sensibilities.
cultural production
intersect
Local and global entities are both Competition is
partners and rivals under globalization Rivalry assured by the
continuing relevance of
cultural differences
during globalization.
 CULTURAL DIFFERENTIALISM

It views cultural differences as immutable.

CULTURAL CONVERGENCE

It suggest that globalization engenders growing

sameness of culture.

CULTURAL HYBRIDITY

It suggest that globalization spawns an increasing and

ongoing mixing cultures.
GLOCALIZATION

• Coined from globalization and localization, is a

new concept brought about by increased
frequency of contact among cultures.
• Reinforces the fact that local cultures are not
weak, static, or fixed; they are built and
understood as a new each day in globalized
world.
IMPORTANT DETAILS:
• Five stages of development of media have
greatly influenced the globalization of culture.
From pamphlets of Instagram, Twitter, and
Snapchat.
• Media has produced and reproduced cultural
products around the globe.
• The increase in cultural interactions generated
by media results in outcomes that exhibit the
vigor of local cultures influenced by the globe
cultures.
 THE
GLOBALIZATIO
N OF RELIGION
THE GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION

• Globalization refers to the historical process by which

all the world’s people increasingly come to live in a
single social unit. It implicates religion and religions in
several ways.

• From religious or theological perspectives,

globalization calls for the religious response and
interpretation.
 GLOBALIZATION AND RELIGION

 When the vision of globalization is applied to religion, we can

suggest that we will steady change from the conventional
form of religion linked intimately to the histories and cultures
of respective nations and ethnic groups. Instead, the
activities of individual religious groups will take on the
increasing characteristic of free competition on a global
scale. There are also a possibility of witnessing great
transformations in the traditional structure of the historical
religions.
 GLOBAL
POPULATION
AND
MOBILITY
WEEK 12 -14
 GLOBAL POPULATION AND MOBILITY

GLOBAL
GLOBAL GLOBAL
DEMOGRAPH
CITY MIGRATION
Y
Global City is a hub for The ongoing movement of
production, finance and Trends and practices in world people from one country to
telecommunications. politics. another.
 GLOBAL The 21st Century is a
hub for closer relation of
CITY states and for a wider
perspective of
technological
development.
The development of Global
Cities and conditions of the
world that contributes to
Globalization.
 According to Thomas Friedman in his book The World is Flat
(2005), the three (3) Stages of Globalization are:

1. Globalization 1.0
- Lasted from 1942 to 1800
- Known as the age of mercantilism and colonialism
- “shrank the world from a size large to a size medium”
- Driving forces were workforce, horsepower, windpower, and steam power.

1. Age of Pax Britannica

- Great Britain was the hegemonic power in terms of trade and economy
- Known as Globalization 2.0
- Driving force were new institutions such as global market and
multinational corporations.
3. Age of Pax Americana
- Occurred during the second half of the 20th century.
- Also known as Globalization 3.0
- United States of America become the sole superpower in the so-
called Unipolar World.

SOFT POWER uses a different method to establish

cooperation-attraction. The present condition uses this
in maintaining one’s influence over another state. This
form of power “arises from the attractiveness of a
country’s of culture, political ideas, and policies”.
(Joseph Nye, 2004)
 Gote (2013) explained that the world is changing dramatically and there are six
driving forces in this global change.

One of the drivers of global change is the emergence of a deeply

interconnected global economy that increasingly operates as a whole.

MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS
(MNCs)
● Play a substantial role in the global economy and
international political community.
● Enjoy a multitude of privileges such as
unquestionable access to vast amounts of wealth
● More flexible and independent in comparison to
nation-state.
● MNCs seem to tie together an otherwise politically separated and clouted
world under an all-encompassing banner or commerce and economy.
● They also have the capacity to erase and transcend the borders of the
world.

MNCs and the continuity of nation-states acts as key actors of the

global community. With these, the world seem to be more connected.
The evidence of such connectivity is the concept and actual
manifestation of the GLOBAL CITY.
 WHAT IS GLOBAL CITY?
It serves as a hub for production, finance and telecommunications.

Sassen (2005) outline the characteristics of globality. And these are:

1. The cultural diversity of the people.
2. Existence of a center of economy.
3. Geographic dispersal of economic activities that marks globalization.
4. Global reach performance

NOTE: these characteristics are observed in famous cities such as New

York, Tokyo, Singapore,and Seoul.
 Constant interaction among a
wide array of cultures is a
conglomeration of cultures in a
particular geographical setting
which has been labelled as
GLOBAL CITY.

Global cities are also perceived as sources of economic growth and arev also
economic powerhouses themselves, with being industry leaders and regional
hubs.
For example, San Francisco and New York in the United States are
cities that exhibit strength in innovation and excellent performance
in business activity and human capital.
 GLOBAL
DEMOGRAPH Change is inevitable
because of the
Y flattening of the world
(Friedman,2005)

Introduce Global
Demography as a trend in
today’s global condition.
 The 21st century world is becoming more globalized and
interconnected.

Examples of new trends in international relations:

1. Technological innovations
2. Economic cooperations
3. Political alliance in the international arena

Globalization is the continual

increase in transnational and
worldwide economic, social, and
cultural interactions that surpass the
boundaries of states (Viotti and
Kauppi, 2013)
 Is it possible to have
Global Demography?
Demography is a field in statistics
that is concerned with births, deaths,
income, pr the incidence of disease,
which later illustrates the changing
structure of human populations. In
simple words, demography is the
statistical study to determine world
population.
WORLD
POPULATION
PERCENTAGE
S
GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
Global demography is about the trends and practices in world politics.
It is the study of the issues and developments of the global population.
Basically, it lays out the present condition of the world and its
population.

According to Ronald Lee (2003), demography is currently in transition,

the mortality rate declined followed by fertility, causing population
growth rates to accelerate and then to slow down again.

The global demographic transition all began in the 19th century when
Europeans were declining in mortality rate (Lee, 2003) and there were
some rising societies in Asian and Latin American regions.
 GLOBAL
MIGRATION
This lesson deals with
the journey of different
citizen around the
globe.
 During the Cold War, leaders all over the globe agreed to classify the world
into three (3) categories: First World refers to states which have high-income
and are capital-rich: Second World refers to the former communist-socialist,
industrial states; and Third World refers to nations not aligned with either
the First World or Second World which are also called "developing countries”.

The aftermath of the Cold War ended the bipolarity of the world's
hegemonic powers which were held by the Western Bloc (United States, its
NATO allies, and others) and the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its
satellite states). This left the United States as the sole remaining
superpower of the world.
 COSMOPOLITANISM
Categories of Global
Civilizations - cosmopolitanism literally means the
adherence or belief in the world state.
1. Western It is the ideology that all human
2. Latin American beings belong to a single community
3. Islamic (Heywood, 2011)
4. Sinic
5. Hindu TYPES OF MIGRATION
6. Buddhist
7. Orthodox - Internal Migration is any movement
8. Japanese from one place to another.
9. African. - International Migration is any
movement from one country to
another.
 CATEGORIES OF GLOBAL MIGRATION

Voluntary Economic Forced Displacement Refugee Crisis

Migration

- Is rooted in the - Traced to the - Traced to the

pursuit of factors of state factors of state
economic stability. tyranny, tyranny,
- Example of this is corruption, or fear corruption, or fear
OFW
 TOWARDS A
SUSTAINABLE
WORLD
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMEN As defined by the
Brundtland Report,
T “sustainable development
is the development that
meets the need of the
present without
compromising the ability of
future generations to meet
their own needs.”
The World Commission on the Environment and
Development (WCED) outlined critical objectives for
environment and development policies, these are:
● Reviving growth
● Changing the quality of growth
● Meeting essential needs for jobs, food
energy, water, and sanitation
● Ensuring a sustainable level of
population
● Conserving and enhancing the resource
base
● Reorientating technology and managing
risks
● Merging environment and economics in
decision-making
AGENDA 21
Advocates education to disseminate
information regarding sustainable
development (Jickling, 1994). Since
then, countries all over the world have
integrated this action plan of the UN in
their respective governments.
SUSTAINABILIT STABILITY
Y
Sustainability Stable environments are simply
A sustainable environment
leads to stability resistant to change but somehow
is resilient enough to lack the element of resiliency
withstand man-made and that sustainable environments
natural challenges and can possess because it is far easier
also recover from such if for stable environments to
needs arise. Stability alone become unstable in comparison
may not to the possibility of sustainable
necessarily lead to environments becoming
sustainability “unsustainable.”
 GLOBAL
FOOD
SECURITY
FOOD SECURITY

Food is a vital source in order to maintain life and growth in

humans, regardless of race, nationality, religious affiliation,
economic status, or educational attainment. It is a necessity
for survival. Therefore, it is important for nations to secure a
constant supply of food for the consumption of people.
 Food Security
Defined as the “physical and economic access, at all
times, to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food for
people to meet their dietary needs and food
preferences for an active and healthy life”
(Swaminathan, 2003)
 With the growing and persistent demand for
food on both the local and international
scale, the agricultural sector and food
corporations in a nation must be able to meet
demands by increasing production capacity
and overall productivity.
• Rationing of food
- rationing of food in developing or underdeveloped countries may be a
solution to address food security issues, although this solution can lead to
even more problems.
• International Trade
- viewed as a solution to potentially dampen the blows on food security in
nations. While relatively poor countries can benefit from international trade by
receiving subsidies from rich countries, the latter will be pressured to increase
food production capabilities.
• Economic and agricultural reforms
- have been proven viable in addressing food security issues like in the case of
China, one of the most populated countries in the world. In 1978, China began
reforms in these sectors to ensure food security for the country and its people.
Contributing factors that weakens food
security:
• Armed conflict
- In the recent decades, internal strife has deliberated food production and
supplies in countries such as Israel, Turkey, and Syria. Armed groups against a
legitimate government target to prevent, seize, and/or destroy food aid that is
intended for government armed forces. The effects of these circumstances
also spill over to neighboring countries due to international trade.
• Hunger
- Also leads to conflict, and as mentioned, leads to an increased shortage of
food. It is not only limited to rural areas but is also an issue plaguing urban
sectors especially in countries with internal conflicts.
Indeed, food plays an integral role in
maintaining a healthy, functioning, and
even peaceful domestic and international
environment. Therefore, food security
must be one of the priorities of any
government in the world.
 GLOBAL

CITIZENSHIP
relating to the CITIZENSHIP
whole world;
worldwide.
the position or status
of being a citizen of a
particular country.
GLOBAL
 GLOBAL
CITIZENSHIP
a moral and ethical disposition that can
guide the understanding of individuals or
groups of local and global contexts and
remind them of their relative
responsibilities within various communities
Caecilia Johanna van Peski (as cited in
Baraldi).
GLOBAL CITIZENS

• Global citizens are the glue which

binds local communities together in
an increasingly globalized world.
• In Van Peski’s words, "global citizens
might be a new type of people that
can travel within these various
boundaries and somehow still make
sense of the world" (Baraldi, 2012).
 APPROACHES TO GLOBAL ECONOMIC
RESISTANCE
HELPING THE
TRADE BOTTOM
FAIR TRADE BILLION
PROTECTIONISM
• emerged as a counter (COLLOR,
the systematic
the systematic government to neoliberal "free 2007)
Increasing aid is only
government
intervention in foreign trade trade" principles
through tariffs and nontariff
intervention in foreign one of the many
barriers in order to
(Nicholls and Opal,
measures that are
trade through
encourage tariffs
domestic 2005).
required, international
producers
and and deter
nontariff theirin
barriers norms and standards
foreign competitors
order to encourage
• aims at a more moral
(McAleese, 2007). can be adapted to the
and equitable global
domestic producers and needs of the bottom
economic system.
deter their foreign billion.
competitors (McAleese,
2007).
 THE WORLD
SOCIAL FORUM
WORLD SOCIAL FORUM
- centered on addressing the lack of democracy in economic and
political affairs (Fisher and Ponniah, 2003).

SIGNIFICANT INFLUENCE

• CYBER ACTIVISM- based on the "cultural logic of networking"

(Juris, 2005) and "virtual movements," such as Global Huaren.

• CYBERPUBLIC- formed as a protest against the violence,

discrimination, and hatred experienced by Chinese residents in
Indonesia after the 1997 Asian financial crisis.
 Fulfilling the promises of globalization and the
solution to the problems of the contemporary world
does not lie on a single entity or individual, but on
citizens, the community, and the different
organizations in societies.