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Week 08 - CLO4 - Managing Disks and Partitions

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11 views17 pages

Week 08 - CLO4 - Managing Disks and Partitions

Uploaded by

Ali Alasfoor
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CIS 2903: Operating Systems

CLO4
Managing Disks & Partitions

1
Lesson Objectives
• CLO4  Perform common workstation administration and
troubleshooting tasks which include creating directories,
users, groups, files and storage.

• After this lesson, you will be able to:


• Create, format, label, mount & unmount partitions
• Check partition usage

2
Commands to manage partitions
Following are the commands to perform different operations
on partitions in Linux:

1. Create partition (fdisk)


2. Format partition (mkfs)
3. Mount partition (mount)
4. Unmount partition (umount)

3
Partitioning
• When you partition a hard disk, you define a space that can
be formatted with the file system of your choice
• A hard disk must have at least one partition on it in order
to be useful
• To partition a hard disk, use the fdisk command

4
Disk and partition names
• Disk names
• /dev/sda (1st disk)
• /dev/sdb (2nd disk)
• Partition names
• /dev/sda3 (3rd partition on 1st disk)
• /dev/sdb1 (1st partition on 2nd disk)

Note:
In the past, “sd” meant SCSI disk and “hd” meant IDE disk.
Now, all disks (SCSI, IDE, SATA, USB, etc.) use “sd”.

5
Managing partitions using fdisk

• The fdisk command allows you to manage hard disk


partitions (only admins are allowed to use it)

 To display all disks and


partitions on the
system, we can use
fdisk command with
the switch “-l” (letter
“el”, not number 1)

# fdisk –l

6
Managing partitions using fdisk (cont’d)

• Using the menu-driven fdisk program


• Syntax: fdisk [disk]
• Example, fdisk /dev/sdb

• Common menu items:


• n create a new partition
• p print (i.e. display) current partition table
• d delete a partition
• q quit without saving changes
• w write to disk (i.e. save) & exit

7
Formatting the partition

• Formatting a partition means defining the file system to be


used on it.
• Every hard disk partition must have a file system on it before it
can be used.
• We format the partition to create a file system
• Common file systems are FAT, FAT32, NTFS, ext2, ext3, ext4,
HPFS etc.

8
‫مهم‬Linux file system types
• Common Linux file system types:
• ext3 (Third Extended File System)
• default until recently
• solved slow reboot problem in ext2
• ext4 (Fourth Extended File System)
• current default
• removed 64-bit storage limits from ext3
• swap
• a swap partition instead of a swap file

9
Formatting the partition using mkfs

• mkfs command formats a partition in Linux

• Syntax: mkfs –t fstype partition


• the fstype can be ext3, ext4, vfat, ntfs, etc.
• the partition is like /dev/sda1 or /dev/sdb2

• Examples
• mkfs –t ext4 /dev/sda1
• mkfs –t vfat /dev/sdb2

10
Mounting storage devices

• After a partition has been formatted, the system must give


you a way to access it
• Windows uses a drive letter
• Linux uses a directory (called the mount point)

11
Mounting the partition using mount
• The mount command associates a partition with a directory that
allows the user to access the data

Syntax: mount –t <fs_type> <dev> <dir>


mounts one formatted partition

• fs_type is the file system (i.e. fat, ntfs, ext, ext4 etc.)
dev is the device file (i.e. the partition to load, such as /dev/sdc2)

dir is the mount point (a directory where the partition will be loaded)

Example:

mount –t ext4 /dev/sdb1 /var/mylogs

12
Unmount a partition using umount
• The umount command removes/unloads a partition from
the file system tree
• similar to “Safely Remove” for USB sticks
• data on the unmounted partition is safe, but you cannot access it.
• You need to mount the partition to access the data
• Syntax: umount <dir>
umount <dev>
• Use the mount point or the device name.

13
Checking free space on mounted partitions
• The df (disk free) command displays info on all currently
mounted partitions
• name
• total, used & available space
• mount point
• Syntax
• df displays space in 1K-blocks
• df –h displays space in megabytes
(“human-readable”)

14
df examples

Partition
Partition Size
Size

Space
Space

Mount
Mountpoint
point

15
Practical Task – Adding Disk/Partition

• Go to VMWare
• Select your virtual machine
• Add a new hard disk (SCSI – Single File) of size 2 GB (2048 MB) to your virtual
machine.
• Boot your Linux (Fedora).

• Use fdisk command to create a partition on this disk


• Use mkfs command to format the newly created partition
• Make a directory /data
• Use mount command to mount the new partition to the folder /data
• Use df or mount command to confirm the newly created partition is mounted to
the folder /data
16
Command summary

Command Use
fdisk Create/delete a hard disk partition
mkfs Format a hard disk partition
mount Mount a formatted partition
umount Unmount a formatted partition
df Display free space on mounted partitions

17

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