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Titrations - IGCSE

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114 views24 pages

Titrations - IGCSE

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Titrations

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Titration
Titration is a quantitative technique that is used to accurately
determine the concentration of a substance in solution.

During a titration, a solution of known


concentration, called a standard
solution, is added to a solution of
unknown concentration.

The purpose of a titration is to determine


the volume of solution required to reach an
endpoint. An endpoint is an observable
physical change, such as a colour change.

Why is measuring volume useful?

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Finding an unknown concentration
Volume can be used to determine concentration
using the following relationship:

number of moles (mol)


concentration =
volume of solution (dm3)

An unknown concentration value can be


found if the following values are known:

 number of moles in solution


 volume of solution.

These values can be found using titration.

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Titration equipment
The following laboratory equipment is required to perform
a titration:

safety
burette
filler

stand

pipette

conical
beaker
flask
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Indicators
The endpoint of a titration is often marked by a colour change.
This is provided by an indicator solution.

Indicators are substances which


change colour according to the
pH of a solution.

A small amount of indicator


solution is added to one of the
solutions during a titration.

When the indicator changes


colour, the endpoint of the
titration has been reached.

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Performing a titration

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Titration apparatus

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Using titration results
How are the results of a titration used to calculate the
unknown concentration of a solution?

Step 1: Write a balanced equation for the reaction.


Step 2: Calculate the number of moles of standard solution
by rearranging the concentration formula:
moles = concentration × volume
Step 3: Use the balanced equation to determine the number
of moles for the solution under investigation.
Step 4: Use the concentration formula to determine the
unknown concentration value:
concentration = moles ÷ volume

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Titration calculations – worked example
The endpoint of a titration was reached when 20 cm3 of
0.1 mol/dm3 sodium hydroxide was added to 25 cm3 of
hydrochloric acid. What is the concentration of the acid?

1. Write a balanced equation for the reaction:

HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H2O

2. Calculate the number of moles of sodium hydroxide:


moles = concentration (mol/dm3) × volume (dm3)
= 0.1 × (20.00 ÷ 1000)
= 0.002 mol NaOH

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Titration calculations – worked example
3. The balanced equation from step 1 shows that one mole
of HCl reacts with one mole of NaOH:

HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H2O

Therefore 0.002 moles of NaOH will react with:


0.002 moles of HCl.

4. Use the number of moles to calculate the concentration


of the hydrochloric acid:
moles 0.002
concentration = =
volume (dm3) (25 ÷ 1000)

= 0.08 mol/dm3
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Titration calculations questions

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The pH scale
The pH scale shows the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

strong acid weak acid neutral weak alkali strong alkali

pH is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions, H+,


in solution.
 The greater the concentration of H+ ions, the lower the
pH value and the stronger the acid.
 The smaller the concentration of H+ ions, the larger the
pH value and the weaker the acid.

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Neutralization reactions
Hydrogen ions are released by acids in solution:

HCl  H+ + Cl-
Hydrogen ions can be neutralized by the addition of an alkali.
Alkalis release hydroxide ions, OH-, in solution:

NaOH  Na+ + OH-


The OH- ions from an alkali react with H+ ions from an acid
to form water, which is pH neutral.

H+ + OH-  H2O
This is called a neutralization reaction.
Neutralization reactions often form the basis of titrations.

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pH change during a titration

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pH at the equivalence point
A neutralization reaction finishes when enough of one reactant
has been added to fully react with the other. This is called the
equivalence point.

How much NaOH was


required to reach the
equivalence point?

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pH ranges of indicators

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Selecting an indicator
When choosing an indicator for a titration, it is important to
match its pH range (the pH values where it changes colour)
to the equivalence point of the titration.

 Phenolphthalein has a pH range of 8–9.

 Methyl orange has a pH range of 3–4.

 Litmus has a pH range of 5–8.

 Bromothymol blue has a pH range of 6–7.

Would litmus be a useful


indicator for a titration?

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Glossary

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Anagrams

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Multiple-choice quiz

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