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Lesson Objectives Separation techniques
I can
D: state the difference between compound and a Copy the
mixture learning
C: describe methods of purification
B: explain methods of purification by the use of
objectives.
suitable solvent, filtration, crystallisation and
distillation.
A: suggest a suitable purification method, given
information about substances involved.
A*: analyse methods like fractional distillation in Find the
detail meaning of
these
keywords as
solvent crystalisation a homework
solute Key words
solution distillation
 Progress Line

B
I’m here!
C Suggest a suitable
purification method,
Explain methods of given information
purification by the about substances
use of suitable involved.
E D solvent, filtration,
State the Describe methods crystallisation and
difference of purification distillation.
between
compound
and a mixture

(A-A*) Analyse methods like fractional distillation in detail

 STARTER
Element or Compound? Can you explain why?

A B C

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ELEMENTS
One type of atom
only, cannot be These atoms
broken into anything are ALL iron –
there’s
else by physical or nothing else
chemical means. in here
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 Water

Compound
Pure substances, made of two or more
2 Hydrogen and 1
elements joined chemically. Can be Oxygen
broken into simpler substances by
chemical means.
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 MIXTURE
two or more
substances that are
not chemically
substances retain their
combined with each individual properties
other and can be Solutions – a special kind
separated by of mixture where one
physical means. substance dissolves in
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another.
 Activity
A B C

THINK PAIR AND

SHARE!
Element Mixture of Element
elements
D E F

Compound Mixture of Compound

Compounds

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Mixture Element
 Progress Line

B
I’m here!
C Suggest a suitable
purification method,
Explain methods of given information
purification by the about substances
use of suitable involved.
E D solvent, filtration,
State the Describe methods crystallisation and
difference of purification distillation.
between
compound
and a mixture

(A-A*) Analyse methods like fractional distillation in detail

 Compare Compounds and Mixtures
MIXTURE OF IRON AND COMPOUND: IRON
SULPHUR SULPHIDE

Can you vary the composition of

each element ?
Are the elements chemically
joined?
Do the elements keep their own
properties?
Can the elements be easily
separated?
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[6]
 Compare Compounds and Mixtures
MIXTURE OF IRON AND COMPOUND: IRON
SULPHUR SULPHIDE

Can you vary the composition of

each element ? Yes No
Are the elements chemically
joined? No Yes
Do the elements keep their own
properties? Yes No
Can the elements be easily
separated? Yes No
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[6]
 Mixtures, elements, compounds

Scientists like to classify things.

One way that scientists classify matter is by its
composition.
Ultimately, all matter can be classified as:
• mixtures
• elements
• compounds.
 Mixtures, elements, compounds
• Scientists ask themselves these questions:
– Is the matter uniform throughout?
– Can it be separated by physical means?
– Can it be separated by chemical means?
 Salt water Homo

sugar solution Homo

oil and water Hetero

sand and water Hetero

Copy this
SEPARATING MIXTURES
COPY
Miscible and Immiscible liquids
 A sieve is a device containing tiny holes.

Solid from solid

Solid from liquid
Magnetic Attraction or
Magnetism

Solid from solid

Magnetic separation is used in mining industry and in junkyards

It is used to separate iron It is used to separate

from non-magnetic steel (reusable metal)
materials from scrap yards
SOLID from SOLID
oExample
Iodine and ammonium chloride
 On heating, they do not melt.
 Iodine changes into a beautiful violet
vapor while ammonium chloride changes
into a white vapor.
 They change back into solid crystal on
cooling.
 Solid from liquid
Sedimentation and
Decantation

Sedimentation is the process by which the

insoluble, heavy solid particles settle down on
their own in a solution. In order to separate the
two, the liquid has to be gently poured into
another
 container without disturbing the sediments.

This process of obtaining clear liquid by pouring a

solution from a container in order to leave the
sediments in the bottom of the original container
is called decantation.

insoluble solid from liquid

Immiscible liquid from liquid
SOLID FROM A LIQUID
 Filtration
This is a technique
used to separate
mixtures of an
insoluble solid and a
liquid.
Chalk from water
Chalk is residue,
water is filtrate
 Examples of Mixtures Can be Separated
Using Filtration
• Sand and water
• Broken glass and water
• Chalk suspensions and water
Evaporation
Direct Evaporation
A watch glass
Crystallizati
on

Crystallization is a process which

separates a pure solid in the form of its
crystals from a saturated solution.
Soluble solid from
liquid (solution)
SOLVENT FROM A SOLUTION
Solvent from a solution
Simple Distillation

salt
• A method used to separate a
solvent from a solution
containing non-volatile solutes
• When a solution is boiled,
only the solvent vaporizes
the hot vapour formed
condenses
to liquid again on a cold
surface
• The liquid collected is the
distillate
• Salt is left behind
1. The condenser
cools down the
steam
2. The water drips
into the beaker-
pure – distilled
water
3. used to obtain
pure water from
sea water or ink
No chemical change occurs when salt water
is distilled.

Distillation
(physical method)

Salt

Saltwater solution Pure water

(homogeneous mixture)
SEPARATING TWO LIQUIDS
Using separating funnel

Used for immiscible liquids

 Fractional distillation

Used for miscible liquids:

A mixture of ethanol & water

1. At 78°C the liquid in the flask started to

boil and the vapor entered the condenser.
A clear, colorless distillate dripped into
beaker.
2. This is Ethanol .
3. The temperature stays the same till all
the ethanol is distilled off.
4. At 1000 C the water vapour starts to
leave the fractionating column.
5. These vapours are condensed into
water and collected separately.
 SECTION A
True/False Questions
1.Think carefully about the following statements. Are they true or false?
Circle your answer.

a. In filtration, the filtrate is always a pure liquid. True/False

b. Drinking water can only be obtained from seawater by distillation. True/False

c. The fractional distillation of miscible liquids is only possible if the liquids have different boiling points. True/False

d. Paper chromatography is a physcial method for separating mixtures. True/False

e. Mixtures have fixed melting and boiling points. True/False

1.Name the techniques which are suitable for separating the
following mixture:

Situation Separation Technique

a. To obtain drinking water from muddy water

b. To separate petrol from crude oil

c. To remove leaves from a swimming pool

d. To obtain pure sugar from a solution

e. To determine whether the colouring in a fruit

juice is a single substance or a mixture of
coloured substance
 Fractional distillation

The crude petroleum is heated &

changed into a gas.
The gases are passed through a
distillation column which becomes
cooler as the height increases.
When a compound in the gaseous
state cools below its boiling point, it
condenses into a liquid.
The liquids may be drawn off the
Crude Oil Distillation Tower
distilling column at various heights.
 A summary of different techniques of
isolation and purification
Technique Aim
(a) Filtration To separate an insoluble solid from a
liquid (slow)
(b) Centrifugation To separate an insoluble solid from a
liquid (fast)
(c) Crystallization To separate a dissolved solute from
its solution
(d) Distillation To separate a liquid from a solution
containing non-volatile solutes

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 A summary of different techniques of
isolation and purification
Technique Aim
(e) Fractional To separate miscible liquids with
distillation widely different boiling points
(f) SublimationTo separate a mixture of solids in
which only one can sublime
(g) To separate a complex mixture of
Chromatography substances

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Tests for
Purity

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Tests for Purity
• If the substance is a solid,
 its purity can be checked by
determining its melting point
• If it is a liquid,
 its purity can be checked by
determining its boiling point

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 Determination of Melting
Point
• To determine the melting point of a
solid,
 some of the dry solid is placed in a
thin-walled glass melting point
tube
• The tube is attached to a thermometer
• The temperature at which the solid
melts is its melting point
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Determination of Melting
Point
• The presence of impurities lowers the
melting point of a solid
• Melting point is a useful indication of
the purity of a substance

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Determination of Boiling
Point
• The boiling point of a liquid can be
determined by using the distillation
apparatus
• The temperature at which the liquid boils
steadily is its boiling point
• A flammable liquid should be heated in a
water bath, instead of heated with a naked
flame

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Determination of Boiling
Point
• The boiling point of a pure liquid is
quite sharp
• The presence of non-volatile solutes
such as salts raises the boiling point
of a liquid

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