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19 views13 pages

OpenStax Statistics CH13 ImageSlideshow

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Minh ANh Phạm
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INTRODUCTORY STATISTICS

Chapter 13 F DISTRIBUTION AND ONE-WAY ANOVA


PowerPoint Image Slideshow
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES

By the end of this chapter, the student should be able to:


•Interpret the F probability distribution as the number of groups and the sample size ch
•Discuss two uses for the F distribution: one-way ANOVA and the test of two variances
•Conduct and interpret one-way ANOVA.
•Conduct and interpret hypothesis tests of two variances.
Many statistical applications in psychology, social science, business admini
For hypothesis tests comparing averages between more than two groups, s
13.1 ONE-WAY ANOVA
The purpose of a one-way ANOVA test is to determine the existence of a statistically s
1. Each population from which a sample is taken is assumed to be normal.
2. All samples are randomly selected and independent.
3. The populations are assumed to have equal standard deviations (or variances).
4. The factor is a categorical variable.
5. The response is a numerical variable.
FIGURE 13.1

One-way ANOVA is used to measure information from several groups.


FIGURE 13.2
(a) H0 is true. All means are the same; the
differences are due to random variation.
(b) H0 is not true. All means are not the
same; the differences are too large to be
due to random variation.

The graphs, a set of box plots representing


the distribution of values with the group
means indicated by a horizontal line through
the box, help in the understanding of the
hypothesis test. In the first graph (red box
plots), H0: μ1 = μ2 = μ3 and the three
populations have the same distribution if the
null hypothesis is true. The variance of the
combined data is approximately the same
as the variance of each of the populations.
If the null hypothesis is false, then the
variance of the combined data is larger
which is caused by the different means as
shown in the second graph (green box
plots).
13.2 THE F DISTRIBUTION AND THE F-RATIO
The distribution used for the hypothesis test is a new one. It is called the F distribution
For example, if F follows an F distribution and the number of degrees of freedom for th

NOTE
The F distribution is derived from the Student's t-distribution. The values of the F distribution are squares of the
corresponding values of the t-distribution. One-Way ANOVA expands the t-test for comparing more than two groups. The
scope of that derivation is beyond the level of this course. It is preferable to use ANOVA when there are more than two
groups instead of performing pairwise t-tests because performing multiple tests introduces the likelihood of making a Type 1
error.
13.3 FACTS ABOUT THE F DISTRIBUTION
Here are some facts about the F distribution.

1. The curve is not symmetrical but skewed to the right.


2. There is a different curve for each set of dfs.
3. The F statistic is greater than or equal to zero.
4. As the degrees of freedom for the numerator and for the denominator get larger,
5. Other uses for the F distribution include comparing two variances and two-way A
13.2 THE F DISTRIBUTION AND THE F-RATIO
13.4 TEST OF TWO VARIANCES
Another of the uses of the F distribution is testing two variances. It is often
In order to perform a F test of two variances, it is important that the followi
1.The populations from which the two samples are drawn are normally distr
2.The two populations are independent of each other.
Unlike most other tests in this book, the F test for equality of two variances
This OpenStax ancillary resource is © Rice University under a CC-BY 4.0
International license; it may be reproduced or modified but must be
attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted.

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