MATH

121E
CALCULUS II
Grading System
Course Outcome

Online Written Exam – 40%

Quizzes- 30%
Exercises -10%
Assignment-15%
Attendance- 5%

Satisfactory Rating -70%

Note: At least 50% of the students must get at least a
grade of 70%

Mid Term Final Term

CO1 -33.33% CO1-33.33%
CO2- 33.33% CO2 -33.33%

CO3-33.33%C CO3- 33.33%

Final Grade = 50% midterm + 50% of Final Term
OBJECTIVES
 To understand Integration
Concepts and Formulas
 To familiarize fundamental
Integration Formulas and
Applications
TOPIC OUTLINE
 Indefinite Integral
 The Power Formula
 Definite Integral
 Trigonometric Functions
 Logarithmic Function
 Exponential Function
 TOPIC OUTLINE
 Inverse Trigonometric Function
 Hyperbolic Functions (sinh u and
cosh u only)
 General Power Formula (include
Substitution Rule)
 Constant of Integration
 Definite Integral (include absolute,
odd and even functions)
Integral Calculus Definition

An integral is the reverse of a derivative,

and integral calculus is the opposite of
differential calculus. ... The word
"integral" can also be used as an
adjective meaning "related to integers".
Indefinite
Integral
Indefinite Integral
If f(x) is a given function and F(x) is a
function whose derivative is f(x), the
relation between them is expressed
below:

F(x) = ∫f(x) dx

where the symbol ∫, called the integral

sign, which indicates that we are to
perform the operation of integration
upon f(x) dx: that is we are to find a
Indefinite Integral
Evaluate ∫x2 dx

In integration, we must increase the

exponent by 1 and divide it by that
exponent ,then with addition of the
arbitrary constant C, thus;

∫x2 dx = x3 +C
3
Since it contains an arbitrary additive
constant, the constant of integration. For
this reason, the function of ∫f(x) dx is
Indefinite Integral

Note: If the integrand contains a

constant factor, the factor maybe written
before the integral sign . We may
introduce a constant factor into the
integrand, provided we place its
reciprocal before the integral sign.

F(x) = 1 ∫uf(x) dx or uF(x) = ∫uf(x)

dx
u
The Power
Formula
The Power Formula
Evaluate ∫un du

let us replace n by n+1, then divide by

n+1. Therefore;

∫un du = un+1 + C , n≠ -1
n+1
Above is the general power formula of
integration
The Power Formula
Example a:
∫(3x3 +1+ 1 ) dx = 3 ∫x3 dx + ∫dx + ½ ∫x-
2
dx
2x2 = 3x4 + x + 1x-1 + C
4 2(-1)
= 3x4 + x - 1 + C
4 2x
Example b:
∫(a2-x2)2 dx= ∫(a4 - 2a2x2 + x4)dx
= a4x – 2a2x3 + x5 + C
3 5
Definite Integral
Definite Integral
The change in the value of the integral
F(x) as x changes from a to b, i.e., the
quantity F(b)- F(a), is called the definite
integral of f(x) between the “limits” a and
b or simply the definite integral from a to
b denoted by the symbol ∫b f(x)dx
a

It is called indefinite integral because the

value is dependent of the constant of
integration.
Definite Integral

The numbers a and b are called the

lower, limit and upper limit
respectively. Thus the definite
integral is the value of the indefinite
integral at upper limit minus its
value at lower limit. The symbol
[ F(x)]b
a

means F(b) – F (a)

∫b f(x) dx = [ f(x)]b = F(b)- F(a)

Definite Integral
Example a: ∫1 (x+1)2 dx = [ (X+1)3 ]1
0
3 0
Substitute the given values,
=8–1=7
3 3 3

Example b: ∫a (a2- t2)dt = [ a2t – t3 ]a

-a
3 -a
= a3 – a3 – (-a3 + a3 )
1 3 1 3
= (3a3- a3 ) - (-3a3 + a3)
3 3
= 4a3
3
Definite Integral
The following properties possessed
by a definite integral:

(1) ∫b f(x) dx = - ∫a f(x) dx

a b

(2) ∫b f(x) dx = ∫c f(x) dx + ∫b

f(x) dx
a a c

(3) ∫b f(x) dx = ∫b f(z) dz

a a
Trigonometric
Functions
Trigonometric Functions
There are six functions of an angle
commonly used in trigonometry. Their
names and abbreviations are sine (sin),
cosine (cos), tangent (tan), cotangent
(cot), secant (sec), and cosecant (csc).

Please be familiarized with some

trigonometric identities
Trigonometric Functions
Trigonometric identities
Trigonometric Functions
Trigonometric Function
The Basic Formulas for integrations
involving Trigonometric Functions

∫ cos u du = sin u + C
∫ sin u du = -cos u + C
∫ sec2 u du = tan u + C
∫ csc2 u du = -cot u + C
∫ sec u tan u du = sec u + C
∫ csc u cot u du = -csc u + C
Trigonometric Function
Examples (a):
Evaluate ∫ sin x tan x dx = ∫ sec2 x + sec x tan x du - ∫ cos
= ∫ sin x sin x dx x dx
cos x u (sec x tan x+sec2 x)
= ∫ sin2 x dx = ∫ du - ∫ cos x dx
cos x u
= ∫ 1- cos x dx
2
= ln |u | - sin x
cos x = ln |sec x + tan x |- sin x + C
= ∫ sec x dx - ∫ cos x dx
= ∫ sec x. (sec x + tan x) dx- ∫ cos
x dx
(sec x + tan x)
= ∫ sec2 x + sec x tan x dx- ∫ cos x
dx
(sec x + tan x)

let u = sec x + tan x

du = (sec x tan x +sec2 x )dx
Trigonometric Functions
Examples (b): Examples (c):
Evaluate ∫ x sin x2 Evaluate ∫ tan2x dx
dx = ∫(sec2 x-1) dx
let u = x2 = ∫sec2x dx - ∫ dx
= tan x – x + C
du = 2x dx

dx = du

2x

∫ x sin x2 dx
= ∫ x sin u du
2x
= 1 ∫ sin u du
2
= - 1cos u + C
Exercises 1
Evaluate below Integrals

(a) ∫ ( x3 - 4x)dx
(b) ∫ (6x3 - 4x + 1)dx
(c) ∫ (2x-x2)dx
(d) ∫ (3 -2y-2)dy
(e) ∫ (x2+7x+3 )dx
(f) ∫2 x4dx
1

(g) ∫2 (x-3x2)dx
0

(h) ∫-1 (3 + 2u) du

1
Exercises 2

Evaluate below:

1. ∫ sin 3θ dθ 6. ∫ ( tan θ – 1)2 dθ

2. ∫ cos 1 y dy 7. ∫ cos2 y dy
2 1- sin y
3. ∫ sec2 3x dx 8. ∫ cos3 θ dθ
1 + 4 tan 3x 1 – sin θ
4. ∫ cos lnx dx 9. ∫ sin 2 x csc2 2x dx
x
5. ∫ cot2 y dy 10. ∫ sin3 x dx
Logarithmic
Function
Logarithmic Function
Formulas for logarithm;

(1) ∫ du = ln u + C, u > 0
u
(2) ∫ du = ln (-u) + C1, u < 0
u
(3) ∫ du = ln |u | + C2, u ≠ 0
u

note: the symbol "ln" refers

to natural logarithms
Logarithmic Function
Example (a). Evaluate ∫ x dx
1- x2
= - 1 ∫ -2x dx = - 1 ln (1-x2) + C
2 1-x2 2
note: the integral of any quotient whose numerator is
differential of the denominator is the logarithm of the
denominator.
Or buy substitution, ∫ x dx , then let u = 1-x2
1- x2 du = -2xdx
dx = du
-2x
= ∫ x du = -1 ∫ du = -1 ln u + C
u (-2x) 2 u 2
= - 1 ln (1-x2 ) + C
Logarithmic Function
Example (b) Example (c)
Evaluate ∫ x2dx Evaluate ∫ x2-4 dx
x3 + 4
Solution:
x
let u = x + 4
3
Solution:
du = 3x2 dx
dx = du = ∫( x2 – 4 ) dx
3x2 x x
∫ x2dx = ∫( x – 4) dx
x3 + 4 x
= ∫ x2 du = 1∫ du = ∫ x dx - ∫ 4 dx
(u) 3x2 3 u
x
= 1 ln (u) + C
3
= x2 – 4 ln x + C
= 1 ln (x3 + 4) + C 2
3 =1 x2 – ln |x4 | +C
Logarithmic Function
Exercises 3:
Evaluate below

1. ∫ 2 dy 6. ∫ dx
3y-4 sin 2x
2. ∫ x dx 7. ∫ tanx dx
x2-3
3. ∫ x3 dx 8. ∫ (1-2x)2 dx
x-1 x
4. ∫ (x+ 6 )dx 9. ∫ (x2-3x+2) dx
(x+2)2 x+1
10. ∫ dx
5. ∫ (lnx)2 dx x (1 + x2)
x
Exponential
Function
Exponential Function
There are two basic formulas for the
integration of exponential functions;

∫ eu du = eu + C
∫ au du = au + C , a > 0
ln a
Exponential Function
Example (a) Example (c)
Evaluate ∫ e-3x dx Evaluate ∫ dx
= e -3x + C 32x
-3 = 3 -2x dx
= -1 e -3x + C
3 = -1 3 -2x + C
Example (b) 2 ln 3
Evaluate ∫ e2x dx Example (d)
= e2x + C Evaluate ∫ 2-x dx
2
= 1 e2x + C = 2 -x + C
2 ln 2
Exponential Function
Exercises 4:
Evaluate the following

1. ∫x3ex4 dx

2. ∫ ln e2x dx

3. ∫ ex ( 1-ex) dx

4. ∫( ex + e-x )dx
ex – e-x
 Inverse
Trigonometric
Function
Inverse trigonometric
Function
Consider below formulas:
∫ du = Arcsin u + C
a2 – u2 a
∫ du = 1 Arctan u + C
a2 + u2 a a

Example (a):
Evaluate ∫ dx
=
∫ dx 32 – (2x)2
9 – 4x2
∫du
∫ dx =
= 2 32 – (u)2
9 –(2x) 2

= 1 Arcsin u + C
2 3
let u = 2x 1 Arcsin 2x + C
=
du = 2dx 2 3
dx= du
Inverse Trigonometric
Function
Example (b):
Evaluate ∫ dy
Example (c):
Evaluate ∫ y 2
+ 1 dy
9y2 + 6y + 5 y2 +4
= ∫ dy = ∫ y2 + 4 -3 dy
(3y)2 + 6y + 1 + 4 y2 +4
= ∫ dy = ∫( 1 – 3 ) dy
(3y +1)2 + 4 y2 + 4
let u = 3y + 1 = ∫ dy – 3dy
du = 3dy y2 + 4
dy= du = y-3 ∫ dy
3 y 2 + 22
=∫ dy = y-3 1 Arctan y + C
(3y +1)2 + 22 2 2
= ∫ du
3 (u2) + 22 = y- 3 Arctan y + C
=1 ∫du 2 2
3 (u2) + 22
= 1.1 Arctan u + C = 1 Arctan 3y
+1+C
Inverse Trigonometric
Function
Exercises 5:
Evaluate below
1. ∫ dx
16+ x2 6. ∫ x dx
2. ∫ dy
9 + x2

9- y2 7. ∫ (y + 4 )dy
3. ∫ dv y2 + 16
9 + 4v2
4. ∫ dt 8. ∫ sec2 θ dθ
5- 16t2 5 – sec2 θ

9. ∫ u (u2 + 4) du
5. ∫ y dy
25 – 16y2 u4 + 9
10. ∫ e6x dx
9 + 4e6x
Hyperbolic
Functions
sinh u and cosh u only
Hyperbolic Functions
Formulas :
∫ cosh x dx = sinh x + C Example (b):
∫ sinh x dx = cosh x + C Evaluate
Example (a): ∫ sinh x dx
Evaluate 1 + cosh x
∫ cosh x dx Let u = 1+ cosh x
2 + 3sinh x du = sinh x dx
let u = 2 + 3 sinh x ∫ sinh x dx
du = 3 cosh x dx; 1 + cosh x
cosh x dx = du = ∫ du
3 u
∫ cosh x dx = ln |u | + C
2 + 3sinh x = ln |1 + cosh x | + c
= ∫ du
3 (u)
= 1 ∫ du
3 u
= 1 ln u + C = = 1 ln | 2 + 3 sinh
x| + C
General
Power
Formula
Include Substitution Rule
The General Power
Formula
∫u du = u
n n+1
+C , n≠ -1
n+1 Example (b):
Evaluate ∫ cos x dx
Example (a): sin4 x
Evaluate ∫ (2x4 – 5)6 x3 dx = ∫ sin-4 x cos x dx
let u = (2x4 – 5)
du = 8x3 dx Let u = sin x
dx = du du = cos x dx
8x3
∫ (2x4 – 5)6 x3 dx = ∫ sin-4 x cos x dx
= ∫ u6 x3 du = ∫ u-4 du
8x3
= 1 ∫ u6du = - u-3 + C
8 3
= 1 u7 + C = - sin -3 x + C
8 7 3
= u7 + C = (2x4-5)7 + C = -1 +C
56 56 3 sin3 x
The General Power
Formula
Exercises 6:
Evaluate the following

1. ∫ sin 4x cos 4x dx
2. ∫ (x2 - 1)3 x dx
3. ∫( 3x2 + 5x – 3)6 (6x + 5) dx
4. ∫ (7x+ 5)3 dx
5. ∫(√3x + 2) dx
Constant of
Integration
Constant of Integration
Constant of Integration is added to the
answer of the integration. This is written
to represent the constant term of the
original function, which could not be
obtained through this anti-derivative
process. The constant of integration can
have arbitrary values and is written as
+C.
Constant of Integration
Properties of Constant of Integration
The following properties of constant of integration are
helpful for a better understanding of constant of integration.
1. The constant of integration is an arbitrary constant and it
can have any value.
2. The sum or difference of two constants of integration is
written as a single constant of integration.
3. For logarithmic or trigonometric functions, the constant of
integration even if it involves a logarithmic or a
trigonometric function is always written as only C.
4. The constant of integration is only used for indefinite
integrals and is not used for definite integrals.
5. Multiplying and dividing the integral also multiplies or
divides the constant of integration by the same number,
which is presented as a constant C.
6. Even with different methods of integration, and for
different assumed values of constant of integration, we use
the same alphabet C to represent the constant of
 Definite
Integral
Include absolute, odd and even functions
Definite Integrals -Odd and Even
Functions
A function f is even if the graph of f is
symmetric with respect to the y-axis.

Algebraically, f is even if and only if f(-x) = f(x)

for all x in the domain of f. A function f is odd if
the graph of f is symmetric with respect to the
origin.

If (fx) is an even function of x, ∫a (fx)dx = 2 ∫a

(fx)dx
-a -a
Definite Integrals -Odd and Even
Functions
Example (b)
Example (a)
∫3 (y – 2)2 d
∫a (a2 – t2) dt 1
-a
= [ ( y-2)3 ]3
= 2 ∫a (a2 – t2) dt
-a
3 1

= 2 [a2t – t3 ]a By substitution;
3 -a = 1 – ( - 1)
3 3
by substitution:
= 4a3 =2
3 3
End of Topic

Thank
you
Engr. Febe F. Murillo
College of Engineering and Information Technology