Objectives of

conduction
analysis
To determine the temperature field, T(x,y,z,t), in a body
(i.e. how temperature varies with position within the body)
 T(x,y,z,t) depends on:
- boundary conditions T(x,y,z)
- initial condition
- material properties (k, cp,  …)
- geometry of the body (shape, size)
 Why we need T(x,y,z,t) ?
- to compute heat flux at any location (using Fourier’s eqn.)
- compute thermal stresses, expansion, deflection due to temp. etc.
- design insulation thickness
- chip temperature calculation
- heat treatment of metals
 Unidirectional
heat conduction
(1D)

Area = x
0 x+x
A x
Solid bar, insulated on all
long sides (1D heat
conduction) qx A
qx+x

q= Internal heat generation per unit vol. (W/m3)

 Unidirectional heat
conduction (1D)
First Law (energy balance)
( Ein  Eout )  Egen  Est
qx -   E
qx A (  x ) q
Egen- Internal heat generation
x
t
Est- change in heat capacity of
control volume w.r.t time

  kA T
E  ( q x

 T x
A
 x)u
E
 Ax u  Axc q  q  q x 
t t t
x x
x
x
x
 Unidirectional heat
conduction (1D)(contd…)

 kA T  kA T  A   k T x  Ax q 
x x x  x  t
T
Ac xT 
 T
 q c
 k
x x  t

Internal heat Thermal inertia
Longitudinal
conduction generation

If k is a constant  2T q  c  T 1 T
  
x 2 k k t  t
 Unidirectional heat
conduction (1D)
(contd…)
 ForT to rise, LHS must be positive (heat input
is positive)
 For a fixed heat input, T rises faster for higher 
 In this special case, heat flow is 1D. If sides were not
insulated, heat flow could be 2D, 3D.
 Boundary and Initial
conditions:
 The objective of deriving the heat diffusion equation is to
determine the temperature distribution within the conducting
body.

 We have set up a differential equation, with T as the

dependent variable. The solution will give us T(x,y,z).
Solution depends on boundary conditions (BC) and initial
conditions (IC).
 Boundary and Initial
conditions (contd…)
How many BC’s and IC’s ?
- Heat equation is second order in spatial coordinate. Hence, 2
BC’s needed for each coordinate.
* 1D problem: 2 BC in x­direction
* 2D problem: 2 BC in x­direction, 2 in y­direction
* 3D problem: 2 in x­dir., 2 in y­dir., and 2 in z­dir.
- Heat equation is first order in time. Hence one IC needed
 1­Dimensional Heat
Conduction
The Plane Wall :
….. . .... …k. . .. Cold
Ts,1 ............. ....... .
Ts,2 fluid
. . . .. . . . . . . T∞,2
. . . ... . .
Hot .
x=0 x=L
d  dT 
fluid
dx  k dx   0

Const. K; solution
is: dT kA T
q x   kA  T s ,1  T s , 2   T s ,1

s,2
 Thermal resistance
(electrical analogy)
OHM’s LAW :Flow of Electricity

V=IR elect

Voltage Drop = Current flow×Resistance

Thermal Analogy to Ohm’s
Law :

T  qR therm

Temp Drop=Heat Flow×Resistance

 1-D Heat Conduction through a
Plane Wall

T∞,1 …. Cold
... ... . .. ... …
... .. k ..
Ts,1 . . . . .. . .. .
.. . . . ..
Ts,2 fluid
. . . .. . . . . . . T∞,2
Hot . . . ... . .
.
x=0 x=L
fluid Ts,1 Ts,2 T∞,2
qx T∞,
L 1
1
1
k A h2 A
h1 A
1 L 1
 Rt
h1 A

kA

h2 A
(Thermal Resistance )

 Resistance
expressions
THERMAL RESISTANCES

 Conduction
Rcond = x/kA
 Convection

 Fins Rconv = (hA)­-1

Rfin = (h
 Composite Walls :

T∞,1 A B C
h1
KA KB KC h2

T∞,2

T∞,1 LA LB LC T∞,2

qx 1 L LB LC 1
kA A A kBA k CA
h1A h2A

qx T ,1  T ,2  T ,1  T ,2  UA T

  Rt 1 LA  L B

LC 1
h1A  k A  k B k C h2A
1
where,U  Overall heat transfer coefficient
 Rtot A
 Overall Heat transfer
Coefficient

1 1
U 
R total A 1 L 1
   
h 1 k h 2

Contact Resistance :

TA
TB 
T
A B

 T
R t , c

 q
x
 1
U
1 L LB LC 1
  A
  
h1 k A k B kC h2

Series­Parallel :

B AB+AC=AA=AD
A D
KB
T1 T2 LB=L C
KA KD
C
Kc
 Series­Parallel
(contd…)
LB
LA k BA LD
k AA k DA
T1 LC
T2
kC A

Assumptions :

(1) Face between B and C is insulated.

(2) Uniform temperature at any face normal to X.
 Example:

Consider a composite plane wall as shown:

kI = 20 W/mk

qx AI = 1 m2, L = 1m
T1 = 0°C Tf = 100°C
kII = 10 W/mk
h = 1000 W/ m2 k
AII = 1 m2, L = 1m

Develop an approximate solution for the rate of heat

transfer through the wall.
 1 D Conduction(Radial
conduction in a composite
cylinder)

h1
r1

T∞,1 r2
h2
k1
T∞,2 r3 k2

q r  T  , 2  T  ,1
R
t

T∞,1 T∞,2

1 1
( h 1 )( 2  r1 L ) ( h 2 )( 2 r2
ln r1 L)
r2
r
ln
2 2
1
Lk 2 r3
2
 Critical Insulation Thickness :

Insulation Thickness : r or­ i

T∞ r0
ri
r0
h
Ti ln( ri
) 1
R tot 
 2 ( 2  r0 L )
kL h

Objective : decrease q , increases R tot

Vary r0 ; as r0 increases ,first

term increases, second term
decreases.
 Critical Insulation
Thickness (contd…)
Maximum – Minimum problem

Set dR tot 
dr 0 0
1 1
 2 
2  kr0 L 2 0
0
hLr
k
r0
h d 2R k
 at r0
Max or Min. ? Take : 2 tot
dr 0  0 
h
d 2R 1 1
tot
 
k
dr 2 0 2  kr 2 0 L  r 20 r0 
h

hL
 h2 0
2 3

Lk
 Critical Insulation
Thickness (contd…)
Minimum q at r0 =(k/h)=r cr
(critical radius)

R tot good for

good for steam pipes etc.
electrical
cables R c r=k/h

r0
 1D Conduction in Sphere

r2

r1
k
T∞,2 Inside Solid:

Ts,2 T 1 d 2 dT
 
s,1
r 2 dr  kr dr   0
T∞,1 T s ,1  T s , 2   11rr / /rr   
s ,1 
 1


 T (r)   1 2 

T dT 4  k T s ,1  T s , 2 

dr 1 / r  1 / r 
1 2

 q r   kA
 R t , cond  1 / r1  1 / r2
4 k
Conduction with Thermal
Energy Generation

E
q V = Energy generation per unit
volume
Applications: * current carrying conductors
* chemically reacting systems
* nuclear reactors
 Conduction with
Thermal Energy
Generation
The Plane Wall :

k
Ts,1
q Ts,2
Assumptions:
T∞,1 T∞,2 1D, steady state,
Hot constant k,
Cold
fluid
uniform q
x= ­L x=0 x=+L fluid
 Conduction With Thermal
Energy Generation (contd…)
d2T q

0
dx 2 k
Boundary cond 
x  L, s ,1
.:
T T
s,2

q x 2  L , T
T
Solution :  x C x
1 2
T 2  C
k
 Conduction with
Thermal Energy
Generation (cont..)
Use boundary conditions tofind C1and C2

Final  x 2  Ts,2 Ts,1 x Ts,2 Ts,1



 1  
 2  2
solution :T qL2k
2 L
Not linear any more
2 L
Derive the expression and show that it is not
Heat qx  k dT
dx independent of x any more
flux :

Hence thermal resistance concept is not correct to use when there is internal
heat generation