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Grade 10 Week 1

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16 views13 pages

Grade 10 Week 1

Uploaded by

khakionlyyours
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Volcano and

Its Relation
to Plate
Tectonics
Have you ever wondered how the land
masses, the islands and continents,
were formed?

Did they just exist the way they are


now or the results of a long process
and sequential events?
The lithosphere (solid part of the Earth) is
composed of three major layers, the crust
(outermost layer), the mantle (the middles
layer), and the core (the innermost layer). The
Earth’s crust is composed of several broken
plates that move continuously. These
movements are caused by the properties and
processes that occur in the Earth’s interior. Due
to intense heat in the Earth’s interior, the
molten rock (magma) in the mantle moves in a
cyclic pattern forming convection cells
In the cell, the warmer material from the
lower layer of the mantle near the core
rises. As it rises, moving away from the
core, it slowly cools down and eventually
sinks again and is replaced by the rising
warmer material forming a never-ending
cycle. This movement is extremely slow
that its effects can only be discerned after
thousands or millions of years.
It was Alfred Wegener, an
Austrian climatologist, who first
noted the theory on the
movement of the Earth’s land
masses and is known today as
the modern Plate Tectonic
Theory (Oskin, 2017). This
theory states that the Earth’s
crust is composed of several
broken plates that continuously
move either away, past, or
towards each other.
In the early 1900s, Alfred
Wegener observed that the
coastal areas of the continents
today seemed to look like jigsaw
puzzle pieces that fit to each
other. With this observation, he
inferred that the Earth could
have once been composed of
only one continent and was split
into several smaller continents
due to lithospheric processes
through time.
Theories on the movement of the lithosphere:
1. Continental Drift theory (Alfred
Wegener) (Oskin, 2017)
- This theory states that the Earth
was once composed of only one
supercontinent called Pangaea. Through
time, this supercontinent split into two
sub-continents, Laurasia and
Gondwanaland. Million years further,
Laurasia split into a few smaller continents
forming the continents in the northern
hemisphere of the Earth. This includes
Asia, Europe, North America, South
America, and Africa. On the other hand,
the continents of the southern
hemisphere, Australia and Antarctica, are
the two continents divided from
Gondwanaland.
1.Seafloor Spreading Theory (www.divediscover.whoi.edu)
- Proposed by Harry Hess of Princeton University
- States that the seafloor is continuously spreading and the extra
crust gets recycled into the mantle
3. Plate Tectonics Theory
(www.ck12.org; Oskin, 2017)
- States that the crust is
composed of different
plates which move either
towards, away or past
each other.
- The modern version of the
Continental Drift Theory of
Alfred Wegener
We already learned that the mantle is
composed of semifluid molten rock that moves
constantly in a cyclic pattern forming
convection cells. As the molten rock moves in
the mantle, with the extreme pressure, some
of the molten rock escapes through the cracks
in the crust and along the boundaries of the
tectonic plates resulting in earthquakes and
volcanic activities (National Geographic,
2014).
Perhaps, the most known tectonic boundaries that consist of many
active volcanoes and where frequent earthquakes occur is the Pacific
Ring of Fire. The “ring” is composed of the boundaries of the Pacific
Plate, Philippine Plate, Eurasian Plate, Juan de Fuca and Cocos plates,
and the Nazca Plate.

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