Introduction to

Quantitative Research

Jose Elmer Oficiar, PhD

 Process of Involves: Within the
asking capability of
questions and Examination of every thinking
answering limits of person

Definition of them in an
organized way
Survey
through:
knowledge
Assessing what is

Research
known up to that
Experiment
point
Defining
unanswered
questions
Devising ways of
answering them
in an organized
and meaningful
way
 1. Choice of institution, field, and
topic
2. Comprehensive period of
background reading
3. Formulation of research question
Steps of the (research objectives) and suggested
answer (hypothesis)
Research 4. Define method of investigation
with appropriate form of statistical
Process analysis
5. Conduct of the study
6. Generating meaningful
conclusions
7. Reporting of the study to the
appropriate audience
Research
Methodologies
 Quantitative research is the numerical
representation and manipulation of
observations for the purpose of
describing and explaining the
phenomena that those observations
reflect. It is used in a wide variety of
What is natural and social sciences, including
physics, biology, psychology, sociology
quantitative and geology

research? Moreover, Creswell (1994) has

given a very concise definition of
quantitative research as a type of
research that is `explaining phenomena
by collecting numerical data that are
analyzed using mathematically based
methods (in particular statistics).'
 Characteristic Quantitative research Qualitative research
Type of data Phenomena described Phenomena described in
Features of numerically narrative fashion
Analysis Descriptive and inferential Identification of major
Quantitative statistics themes
Scope of Specific questions or Broad, thematic concerns
and inquiry hypothesis
Primary Large sample, statistical Rich, in-depth, narrative
Qualitative advantage validity, accurately reflects
the population
description of sample

Studies Primary
disadvantage
Superficial understanding of
participants’ thoughts and
Small sample, not
generalizable to the
feelings population at large
 Survey research

Correlational research
DIFFERENT TYPES
OF QUANTITATIVE Causal-comparative
RESEARCH research

Experimental research
 Survey research is defined as "the collection of
information from a sample of individuals
through their responses to questions" (
Check & Schutt, 2012). This type of research
allows for a variety of methods to recruit
participants, collect data, and utilize various
methods of instrumentation.

Survey research has historically included large

population-based data collection. The primary
SURVEY RESEARCH purpose of this type of survey research was to
obtain information describing characteristics of
a large sample of individuals of interest
relatively quickly. Large census surveys
obtaining information reflecting demographic
and personal characteristics and consumer
feedback surveys are prime examples. These
surveys were often provided through the mail
and were intended to describe demographic
characteristics of individuals or obtain opinions
on which to base programs or products for a
population or group.
 Correlational research is a type of non-
experimental research in which the researcher
measures two variables and assesses the
statistical relationship (i.e., the correlation)
between them with little or no effort to control
extraneous variables. There are many reasons
that researchers interested in statistical
relationships between variables would choose to
conduct a correlational study rather than an
experiment. The first is that they do not believe
CORRELATIONAL that the statistical relationship is a causal one or
RESEARCH are not interested in causal relationships. Recall
two goals of science are to describe and to
predict and the correlational research strategy
allows researchers to achieve both of these
goals. Specifically, this strategy can be used to
describe the strength and direction of the
relationship between two variables and if there is
a relationship between the variables then the
researchers can use scores on one variable to
predict scores on the other (using a statistical
technique called regression).
 In this type of research investigators
attempt to determine the cause or
consequences of differences that already
exist between or among groups of
individuals.

Causal-comparative research is an attempt

CAUSAL- to identify a causative relationship between
COMPARATIVE an independent variable and a dependent
RESEARCH variable.
The relationship between the independent
variable and dependent variable is usually a
suggested relationship (not proven)
because you (the researcher) do not have
complete control over the independent
variable.
 Experimental research is research conducted with a scientific
approach using two sets of variables. The first set acts as a
constant, which you use to measure the differences of the second
set.

There are three primary types of experimental design:

1. Pre-experimental research design - A group, or various

groups, are kept under observation after implementing factors of
cause and effect. You’ll conduct this research to understand
whether further investigation is necessary for these particular
EXPERIMENTAL groups.
2. True experimental research design - relies on statistical
RESEARCH analysis to prove or disprove a hypothesis, making it the most
accurate form of research. Of the types of experimental design,
only true design can establish a cause-effect relationship within a
group. In a true experiment,
3. Quasi-experimental research design - The word “Quasi”
indicates similarity. It is similar to experimental, but it is not the
same. The difference between the two is the assignment of a
control group. In this research, an independent variable is
manipulated, but the participants of a group are not randomly
assigned. Quasi-research is used in field settings where random
assignment is either irrelevant or not required.
Some Tips in Formulating
Research Titles
 Be Clear and Use Keywords: Avoid Jargon: While

Some Tips in
Concise: Ensure that Include relevant keywords are
your title clearly keywords that important, try to avoid
reflects the main accurately represent using excessive
focus of your research the subject and scope technical jargon that

Formulating
and is concise enough of your research. This might make your title
to capture the will help others find hard to understand for
essence in a few your work more easily. a broader audience.
words.

Research
Titles Highlight the Main Make It Engaging:
Idea: Make sure the Create a title that is
title highlights the engaging and sparks
main idea or key interest. A well-crafted
finding of your title can attract more
research. It should readers to your
give readers an idea research.
of what to expect from
your work.
 Be Specific: Be specific about the focus
of your study. Generic titles may not
convey the uniqueness of your research.

Consider the Type of Research:

Depending on the type of research

Some Tips in (experimental, theoretical, review), your

title may need to emphasize different
aspects. For example, a theoretical study
Formulating might focus on a specific concept or
theory.

Research Be Accurate and Honest: Ensure that

your title accurately represents the
content of your research. Avoid using
Titles sensational or misleading titles.

Use Subtitles if Needed: If your

research covers multiple aspects,
consider using a subtitle to provide
additional context or information.
 Check for Similar Titles: Before
finalizing your title, do a quick search to
see if similar titles exist. Try to make
yours unique and distinct.

Some Tips in
Formulating Consider the Audience: Think about
your target audience and tailor the title

Research
to their level of expertise and interest.

Titles
Revise and Refine: Don't be afraid to
revise and refine your title as you work
on your research. Sometimes a clearer
title emerges as you gain a deeper
understanding of your study.
QUESTION?