Programming on Embedded

Circuits
Electronic Circuit Component – Programming on
Embedded Circuits

Micro-Controller Platform
▪ Micro-Controller Unit (MCU) contains
RAM, ROM and IO
▪ Micro-Processor Unit (MPU) only
contains the CPU
▪ System on Chip (SoC) refers to MCUs
with a greater number of onboard
peripherals and functionality

http://theairboard.cc http://www.ti.com http://www.microchip.com

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Electronic Circuit Component – Programming on
Embedded Circuits

C Language: Header and C++ Files

#include “led.h”
#ifndef __LED_H_
#define __LED_H_
int T_on;
int T_off;
#include <system_lib.h>
int counter;
#include “user_lib.h”
#include “UserFolder/lib.h”
void setOn(long duration){
//TODO: set LED on here
extern int T_on;
}
extern int T_off;
void setoff(long duration){
//TODO: set LED off here
void setOn(long duration);
}
void setoff(long duration);
void delay(long duration){
//TODO: set delay here
#endif
}
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Electronic Circuit Component – Programming on
Embedded Circuits

C Language: Main File

#include “led.h” ▪ Modules/ Libraries
#include “timer.h” are included
#include “gpio.h”
#include “button.h”

void main(){
initGPIO(); ▪ Modules/ Libraries
LED
initTimer(); are initiated
initButton();
initLED();
TIMER
….
….
while(1){};
GPIO }
void timer_isr(){
} ▪ System operations
are implemented in
BUTTON void ext_isr(){ interrupt functions
}
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Electronic Circuit Component – Programming on
Embedded Circuits

Finite State Machine (FSM)

▪ Finite-State Machine (FSM) or Deterministic Finite
Automata (DFA), finite automaton, or simply a state
machine, is a mathematical model of computation
Current Input Next State
State
Locked Coin Unlocked
Push Locked
Unlocked Coin Unlocked
A turnstile
Push Locked

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Electronic Circuit Component – Programming on
Embedded Circuits

Finite State Machine Programming

while(1){
switch(status){
case LOCKED:
lock_turnstile(); //operation in a state
if(Coin == true) //transition condition
status = UNLOCKED; //next state
break;
case UNLOCKED:
unlock_turnstile(); //operation in a state
if(Push == true) //transition condition
status = LOCKED; //next state
break;
default:
break;
}
}
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Electronic Circuit Component – Programming on
Embedded Circuits

Example 1
▪ Given an LED turns on for T_on and then turns off
for T_off.
▫ Design an DFA for this LED
▫ Implement the DFA in Arduino

▪ digitalWrite(13, HIGH): turn on the LED

▪ digitalWrite(13, LOW): turn off the LED
▪ setTime(duration): set a clock (timer_flag =
0), when the clock is expired, timer_flag = 1;
duration is in mili-seconds.

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Electronic Circuit Component – Programming on
Embedded Circuits

Answer
timer_flag == 1

INIT LED_ON LED_OFF

timer_flag == 1

▪ INIT: Set pin 13 to OUTPUT mode, set timer

▪ LED_ON: Turn on the LED
▪ LED_OFF: Turn off the LED

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Electronic Circuit Component – Programming on
Embedded Circuits

Answer (Arduino Code)

void loop(){
switch(status){ void timer_run(){
case INIT: if(timer_counter > 0)
pinMode(13, OUTPUT);
timer_counter--;
setTimer(T_on);
status = LED_ON; if(counter_timer == 0)
digitalWrite(13, HIGH); timer_flag =1;
break; }
case LED_ON:
void setTimer(long duration){
if(timer_flag == 1){
status = LED_OFF; timer_counter = duration;
setTimer(T_off); timer_flag = 0;
digitalWrite(13, LOW); }
}
break;
case LED_OFF:
if(timer_flag == 1){
status = LED_ON;
setTimer(T_on);
digitalWrite(13, HIGH);
}
break;

default:
break;
}
delay(10);
} 9
Electronic Circuit Component – Programming on
Embedded Circuits

Example 2
▪ Design a smart lock which accepts 4 digits as a
secrete code. However, there is a time-out for each
digit (e.g. T_out = 5s). After this period, the system
is reset

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Electronic Circuit Component – Programming on
Embedded Circuits

Embedded Platform based on Operating

System
▪ Embedded means something that is attached
to another thing.

▪ “Any sort of device which includes a

programmable computer but itself is not intended
to be a general-purpose computer” [Marilyn Wolf]

▪ Embedded system has three components:

▫ Hardware
▫ Real Time Operating System (RTOS)
▫ Software

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Electronic Circuit Component – Programming on
Embedded Circuits

Classification of Embedded System

▪ Small Scale ▪ Medium ▪ Sophisticated Scale

Scale

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Electronic Circuit Component – Programming on
Embedded Circuits

Processor
▪ Processor is the heart of the Embedded Syste

▪ General Purpose processor (GPP)

▫ Microprocessor
▫ Microcontroller
▫ Embedded Processor
▫ Digital Signal Processor
▪ Application Specific System Processor (ASSP)

▪ Multi Processor System using GPPs

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Electronic Circuit Component – Programming on
Embedded Circuits

Operating System: Linux and Android

▪ Connectivity and UI
▫ Two powerful operating systems used in most of the
embedded systems
▫ Wireless connectivity and graphics interface: Android
OS
▫ Linux comes with a complex flow and it might be
difficult for a beginner to understand it

▪ Power management
▫ Android and Linux supports effective power
management compared to real time operating systems

▪ Responsiveness
▪ Cost
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Electronic Circuit Component – Programming on
Embedded Circuits

Android Operating System Component

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Electronic Circuit Component – Programming on
Embedded Circuits

Android Boot File

mkdir /system
mkdir /data 0771 system system
mkdir /cache 0770 system cache
mkdir /config 0500 root root
mkdir /metadata 0770 root root

service yunos_preinstall
/system/bin/yunos_preinstall.sh
user root
group root
class main
disabled
oneshot

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Electronic Circuit Component – Programming on
Embedded Circuits

Android Resource File

IR Remote Data

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Electronic Circuit Component – Programming on
Embedded Circuits

Android System File

▪ System
apps
▪ User apps
▪ Launcher
apps
▪ Preinstall
apps
▪ Libs
▪ KeyLayout
▪…

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Electronic Circuit Component – Programming on
Embedded Circuits

How to Port Android Things?

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Electronic Circuit Component – Programming on
Embedded Circuits

Create an Android Things Project

▪ http://developer.android.com/things/training/first-d
evice/create-studio-project

▪ Prerequisites
▫ Update your SDK tools to version 25.0.3 or higher
The updated SDK tools enable you to build and test
apps for Things.
▫ Update your SDK with Android 8.1 (Oreo), API 27 or h
igher
The updated platform version provides new APIs for
Things apps.

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Electronic Circuit Component – Programming on
Embedded Circuits

Create an Android Things Project

▪ Added library

▪ Home Activity