ITCE 101: Computer Technologies

Chapter 2 _ Part 1:
Inside the System Unit
(How Computers Represent
Data)
Content based on Computers Are Your Future Book, Twelfth Edition
Objectives
 Explore the methods of representing textual and numerical data in
computers.
 Number systems
 Floating-points
 Binary codes

 Explore the units used in computers.

 Storage capacity unit (Memory)
 Frequency unit
 Time unit

ITCE 101: Computer Technologies 12/20/2024 2

How computer represents
data
 Computers work with binary numbers, which include only 0s and 1s.

 The smallest piece of data a computer can work with is known

as a bit.
 A bit is either “on” or “off,” a 0 or a 1.
 Eight bits forms a byte, signify a single unit of storage.

 Combinations of bits form different type of data:

 Numbers
 Text
 Images
 Audio
 etc.

 Standards should be implemented to represent different type of data

ITCE 101: Computer Technologies 12/20/2024 3

Number systems
 The number system is a way to represent or express numbers
 The number system can be defined by the base (also known as the
radix) used for the number.
 The base: The number of value symbols that can be used in a single digit.
 Examples:

Decimal (Base 10): Symbols: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9

Binary (Base 2): Symbols: 0,1.

Hexadecimal (Base 16) : Symbols: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F

Octal (Base 8): Symbols: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7.

ITCE 101: Computer Technologies 12/20/2024 4

Number systems
 To distinguish between the different number systems, the base
number is written in the lower hand side of the number:
 Examples:

 Depending on the context, the base number is sometimes

omitted!

ITCE 101: Computer Technologies 12/20/2024 5

Number systems
 Complete the following table:

 What’s “10” represents in

 Binary:
 Octal:
 Decimal:
 Hexadecimal:

ITCE 101: Computer Technologies 12/20/2024 6

Number systems -
Conversion

Conversions can be divided into three methods
1. Decimal (10) to Other Systems (2, 8 ,16)
 Method: Division and remainder

2. Other Systems (2, 8 ,16) to Decimal (10)

 Method: Positional notation

3. Other Systems (2, 8, 16) To Other Systems (2, 8, 16)

 Method: Bits grouping

Other systems:
Binary (base 2) , Octal (Base 8), Hexadecimal
(Base 16)
ITCE 101: Computer Technologies 12/20/2024 7
Conversion - Decimal to
Other Systems Q: convert the following:
1. (47)10 to ( 101111 )2
2. (675) 10 to ( 2A3 ) 16 1) (53)10 to binary

2) (590)10 to hexadecimal

3) (70)10 to binary

4) (70)10 to hexadecimal

ITCE 101: Computer Technologies 12/20/2024 8

Conversion - Other Systems
to Decimal
1. (2A5) 16 = ( ?? ) 10 2. (101111)2 = ( ?? )10

Q) Convert the following:

 (101010) =( ) 10  (2F) =( ) 10
2 16

 (1110001) = ( ) 10  (AD)
2 16 = ( ) 10

ITCE 101: Computer Technologies 12/20/2024 9

Conversion – Base (2)
Base (16)
1. (34) 16 = ( ?? )2 1. (110011100011)2 = ( ?? )16

2. (5F) 16 = ( ?? )2 2. (1110011100010000)2 =
( ?? )16

 (2F1) =( )2  (1010111100) =( ) 16
16 2

 (2C0D)  (11100010110) = (
16 = ( )2 ) 16
Questions
2

ITCE 101: Computer Technologies 12/20/2024 10

Signed numbers (Negative numbers)
 Signed numbers are binary numbers that allow the
representation of both positive and negative numbers.
 Signed numbers can be represented by adding an extra bit
called sign bit.
 Sign bit: 0 = Positive
1 = Negative
 Negative numbers representations

1. Sign & Magnitude

2. 1’s complement
3. 2’ complement (Used method in computers)

ITCE 101: Computer Technologies 12/20/2024 11

Signed and Unsigned Numbers
 The difference between signed and unsigned numbers is that the
signed numbers should use the sign bit while the unsigned
number is not.
 What does it mean?
 Signed number: for specific n-bit number, half of the numbers are
negative, and the other half are positive
 Unsigned numbers: all numbers are positive numbers starting from 0

 Examples: For 4-bit numbers

 Signed numbers: 1 for sign bit and 3 for the value
 Range: -8  +7
 Unsinged numbers: No sign bit, all 4 bits for the value
 Range: 0  15

ITCE 101: Computer Technologies 12/20/2024 12

Binary Arithmetic
 All arithmetic operations can be applied to the binary
systems
 Addition (carry should be considered):
1101101 1000001
1010101+ 1111111+
???????? ????????

 Subtraction (borrow should be considered):

1101101 1000001
1010101- 0110101-
???????? ????????
 Multiplication
 Division
ITCE 101: Computer Technologies 12/20/2024 13
Fraction and real numbers representation
 To represent fractions, there are two methods:

1. Fixed point binary fractions

binary point should be placed in specific location
8-bit Example: 11101.101 (specific range for integer and fraction)
2. Floating point notation
 Has no fixed number of digits before or after a decimal (binary) point
 Enables a computer to work speedily with very large or small numbers
 Requires special processing circuitry
 Single precision(32-bit) or double precision (64-bit)

ITCE 101: Computer Technologies 12/20/2024 14

Single Precision Floating-Point
Floating point notation examples
single: 8 bits single: 23
bits
S Exponent
Fraction
Q1) Find -5 ?
-5.0 = 101 = - 1.01 * 22
x  (1)S  (1 Fraction)  2(Exponent
127)
S=1
Exponent = 129 – 127 = 10000001
Fraction = 01000000000000000000000
1 10000001 01000000000000000000000 = C0A00000

Q2) Find 10 ?
ITCE 101: Computer Technologies 12/20/2024 15
Binary codes
 Letters, numbers, and symbols are converted into numbers
(combinations of 0s and 1s called Binary code), so the
computer can understand.
 In most binary code types, the number of bits should be
specified
 Examples of Binary codes:
 American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII): 7
bit (128 different codes)
 Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC): 8
bit (256 different codes)
 Unicode: 16 bits (65536 different codes)
 Others: BCD (4-bit)
ITCE 101: Computer Technologies 12/20/2024 16
Unit’s conversion – Storage capacity unit
 A byte is a sequence of 8 bits (enough to represent one alphanumeric
character) processed as a single unit of information.
Unit Conversion factor
Kilobyte (KB) (210) Byte
Megabyte (MB) (220) Byte
Gigabyte (GB) (230) Byte
Terabyte (TB) (240) Byte

 Examples:
1. 500 Bytes to KB = 500/1024 = 0.488 KB
2. 2 KB to Byte = 2 *1024 = 2048 B
3. 2.5 MB to bits = 2.5/1024 * 1024 * 8 = 20971520 b
4. 500000 B to MB = 500000/(1024 *1024) = 0.477 MB
ITCE 101: Computer Technologies 12/20/2024 17
Unit’s conversion – Frequency unit
 Hertz (Hz): is the unit of frequency.

It is equivalent to one event (or cycle) per second

Analog Digital
signal signal
Frequency (F) = 1/T , where T is the time for 1 clock cycle
ITCE 101: Computer Technologies 12/20/2024 18
Unit’s conversion – Frequency unit
 Computer Processor (CPU) speed is measured by how many clocks
(cycles) per second the processor can make.
 The processor can achieve X GHz in modern computers.
Unit Conversion factor
Kilohertz (KHz) (103) Hz
Megahertz (106) Hz
(MHz)
Gigahertz (GHz) (109) Hz
Terahertz (THz) (1012) Hz
 Examples:
1. 5000 Hz to KHz = 5000/1000 = 5 KHz
2. 6000000 Hz to MHz = 6000000/(1000 *1000) = 6 MHz
3. 2 KHz to Hz = 2 *1000 = 2000 Hz
ITCE 101: Computer Technologies 12/20/2024 19
Unit’s conversion – Time unit
 Second is the unit of time.
 Operations in modern computers are extremely fast, there for we
need express the time of operation with very tiny time units.
Unit Conversion factor
millisecond (ms) (10-3) second
microsecond (10-6) second
(μs)
nanosecond (10-9) second
(ns)
picosecond (ps) (10-12) second
 Examples:

1. 2s to ms = 2 * 1000 = 2000 ms
2. 10000 µs to second = 10000 * 10-6 = 10000 /(1000 *1000) = 0.01 s
3. 20x106 ns to ms = 20x106 / 106 = 20 ms
ITCE 101: Computer Technologies 12/20/2024 20
Research-based Learning
 Conduct a research to identify and
explore the following related
keywords:
1. Precision
2. Clock Cycle
3. Bitwise Operations
4. Data Representation

ITCE 101: Computer Technologies 12/20/2024 21