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AAE 313 Lecture Slides III

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38 views17 pages

AAE 313 Lecture Slides III

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snider115206
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AAE 313

Orbital Mechanics/Astrodynamics
Presentation Slide III – Orbital Position As A Function of Time

By
Taofiq Amoloye
Harmattan Semester, March 2021
Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Kwara State University, Malete
Acknowledgement
The bulk of material
contained in these
slides is from ‘Orbital
Mechanics for
Engineering Students’
by Howard Curtis.
Unless otherwise
specified, every
material in this
presentation can be
assumed to be sourced
from this textbook.
Dec 22, 2024 2
Introductory thoughts
 In the immediately preceding presentation, the relationship
between position, r and true anomaly, θ for the two-body
problem was established. Time only featured in those analysis
when the period, T of the ellipse was discussed. But that
cannot be used to calculate the time required to fly between
any two anomalies.

 Thus, this presentation focuses on the formulas that will allow


such calculations.

 Establishing position as a function of time is a simple matter


for circular orbits. However, the same is not true for elliptical,
parabolic and hyperbolic paths which require solutions to
various forms of Kepler’s equation relating position to time.
Dec 22, 2024 3
Time Since Periapsis
Recall,
This means:

Integrating both sides of the equation gives:

Specific form of this


integral depends on the
value of the eccentricity
(thus, on the kind of orbit)

Dec 22, 2024 4


Circular Orbits (e=0)

Dec 22, 2024 5


Elliptical Orbits (0˂e˂1)

his is called the Mean


nomaly.
t for elliptical orbits (Equation 2.72 for the period):
Thus :
Dec 22, 2024 6
Elliptical Orbits (0˂e˂1)

convenient to simplify Equation 3.3 by introducing an


illiary angle E called the eccentric anomaly depicted in
ure 3.3.
er inspection of Figure 3.3 along with trigonometric
nipulations, we have:

Dec 22, 2024 7


Elliptical Orbits (0˂e˂1)

ewton’s Method is one of such iterative methods that can be applied to solve
epler’s equation to yield the Eccentric anomaly.
Dec 22, 2024 8
Elliptical Orbits (0˂e˂1)
he orbit equation in terms of the E is given as:

When this is evaluated systematically, it yields:

relationship between the true-anomaly-averaged radius and the time-averaged-


an elliptical orbit is given as:

Dec 22, 2024 9


Parabolic Trajectories (e=1)

Dec 22, 2024 10


Hyperbolic Trajectories (e>1)
Equation 3.30 can also be simplified further b
Introducing an auxiliary angle analogous to t
eccentric anomaly, E for the ellipse. This is th
Hyperbolic eccentric anomaly, F.

Thus, after much algebra and trig.


manipulations, we have:

Hyperbolic Mean
anomaly

If time is the given quantity, then


The orbit equation in terms of the F is given as
Equation 3.37 must be solved for F
by an iterative procedure, as was
Dec 22, 2024
the case for the ellipse. 11
Universal Variables
e form Table 3.1 that the equations for elliptical and hyperbolic trajectories are
ar!

Dec 22, 2024 12


Universal Variables

Dec 22, 2024 13


Universal Variables

Dec 22, 2024 14


Universal Variables
us, in terms of the Universal anomaly, Kepler’s equation is given as:

As before, Newton’s method can be used to solve Equation 3.46


Dec 22,For
2024 the universal anomaly given the time interval Δt. 15
Universal Variables

Dec 22, 2024 16


References
1. Space Vehicle Design by Micheal D. Griffin
(Oak Hill, Virginia) and James R. French
(Las Cruces, New Mexico) (2nd Edition)
2. Orbital Mechanics for Engineering Students
by Howard Curtis, Elsevier Aerospace
Engineering Series.

Dec 22, 2024 17

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