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Heredity and Variation

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23 views35 pages

Heredity and Variation

Uploaded by

Marie
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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HEREDITY

Variations are produced during sexual


reproduction. Small variation are also
produced during asexual reproduction.
Each organism gets a basic body design from
the previous generation but there are subtle
changes in it.
Second generation will inherit these change
as well as new changes also appear.
In asexual reproduction these changes are
due small inaccuracies in DNA copying.
In sexual reproduction greater diversity is
generated due to rearrangements of some
genes.

VARIATIONS
OFFSPRINGS FROM THE SAME
PARENTS SHOW VARIATIONS
Accumulation of variations
Organisms with useful variations survive
better in their surroundings but organisms
with harmful variations are deleted from
the planet.

So variations can be defined as differences


in the characteristics among the individual
species.

Variations are necessary for the evolution


process.

Importance of variation
VARIATIONS
 Itis the process of transferring characteristics
from parents to offspring.
 All living cells contain chromosomes in their
nucleus.
 Chromosomes are made up of DNA.
 A specific part of DNA is called gene.
 Genes are responsible for transferring traits from
parents to offspring's.

 The process of transferring genetic information


from parents to offspring is called INHERITANCE.

HEREDITY
CHROMOSOME AND GENE
INHERITED TRAITS
Ear lobes – Free or Attached
Tongue Rolling
Hair Shape
Hair color
Skin color
1 2

1 NON ROLLING OFTONGUE


2 ROLLING OF TONGUE
1 2

1 Attached ear lobes


2 free Ear lobes
HAIR COLOR
HAIR SHAPE

SKIN COLOR
GREGOR MENDEL(1822-1884)
FATHER OF GENETICS
MENDEL PERFORMED
EXPERIMENTS ON PEA PLANTS
CONTRASTING TRAITS IN PEA
FLOWERS OF PEA PLANT
GENE – A unit of inheritance
ALLELE- Different forms of the same gene that
control contrasting form of same traits.
HOMOZYGOUS – When two allele of one gene are
similar
HETEROZYGOUS – When two allele of same gene are
different.
PHENOTYPE – Physical expression of a gene.
GENOTYPE – Genetic makeup of a particular trait.
DOMINANT – When two contrasting alleles of the
same gene come together only one is expressed and
it is called dominant
RECESSIVE- The allele that fail to express in
presence of its contrasting dominant form
TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH
VARIATION AND HEREDITY
MONOHYRID CROSS BETWEEN
TALL AND DWARF PEA LANTS
EMASCULATION AND BAGGING
Tall and dwarf All tall 3 Tall and 1 Dwarf

MONOHYBRID CROSS
MONOHYBRID CROSS
3:1
TALL: DWARF

MONOHYBRID CROSS RATIO


LAW OF DOMINANCE
When two pure parents with contrasting
traits are cross hybridised, only one is
expressed in next generation that is called
dominant, the other one which remains
unexpressed is called recessive
LAW OF SEGREGATION
When the parents contain two alleles
during gamete formation, the factors or
alleles of a pair segregate from each other
such that a gamete receives only one of
the two factors .
YELLOW AND ROUND GREEN AND WRINKLED

DIHYBRID CROSS
Dihybrid cross
DIHYBRID CROSS
ALL ROUND
AND
YELLOW

9:3:3:1
DIHYBRID CROSS RATIO
LAW OF INDEPENDENT
ASSORTMENT
This law states that when two pairs of
traits are combined in a hybrid
segregation of one pair of characters is
independent of the other pair of character.
FROM GENE TO PROTEIN
SEX DETERMINATION
• Every human cell has 23 pairs or 46
chromosomes.
• Out of 23 pairs 22 pairs are same in both
male and female these are called
autosomes.
• 23rd Pair of chromosome is different in
male and female. XX in female and XY in
male.
• Gametes produced by female are of same
types i.e. 22+x
• Gametes produced by males are of two
types 22+xand 22+Y

SEX DETERMINATION IN HUMAN


SEX DETERMINATION
Half of children are boys and half are
girls.
All children inherit one X chromosomes
from mother whether they are boy or girl

Child inherits X chromosome from her


father will be a girl.
Child who gets Y chromosome from the
father will be a boy.

WHO DETERMINES THE SEX OF THE


CHILD FATHER OR MOTHER - - - - - - - - ?

SEX DETERMINATION IN HUMAN

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