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Power Factor Improvement

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26 views15 pages

Power Factor Improvement

Uploaded by

eng.adham.elbasha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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POWER FACTOR

IMPROVEMENT
contents
Definitions
What Causes Low Power Factor?
Why Should I Improve My Power Factor?
How do we correct it?
Capacitor Locations
The effect of harmonics
Definitions
KW: is Working Power (also called Actual
Power or Active Power or Real Power).
It is the power that actually powers the
equipment and performs useful work.

KVAR: is Reactive Power.


It is the power that magnetic equipment
(transformer, motor and relay) needs to
produce the magnetizing flux.

KVA: is Apparent Power.


It is the vectorial summation of KVAR and KW.
What Causes Low Power Factor?
Since power factor is defined as the ratio of KW to KVA,
we see that low power factor results when KW is small in
relation to KVA. analogy, this would occur when KVAR is
large.
P=VI*(COSØ)=S*(PF)
S=P+JQ

What causes a large KVAR in a system? The answer is


inductive loads.

Inductive loads (which are sources of Reactive Power)


include:
 Transformers
 Induction motors
 Induction generators (wind mill generators)
 High intensity discharge (HID) lighting
Why Should I Improve My Power Factor?

1) Power consumption reduced


2) Electricity bills decrease
3) Electrical energy efficiency improved
4) Extra KVA availability from the existing
supply
5) Transformer & distribution equipment losses
6) Voltage drop reduction in long cables
How do we correct it?

We have seen that sources of Reactive Power


(inductive loads) decrease power factor:
 Transformers
 Induction motors
 Induction generators (wind mill generators)
 High intensity discharge (HID) lighting

Similarly, consumers of Reactive Power increase


power factor:
 Capacitors
 Synchronous generators (utility and emergency)
 Synchronous motors

Thus, it comes as no surprise that one way to increase


power factor is to add capacitors to the system.
Theory of working (KVAR Generators)

1. Adding capacitor
 In this example, demand
was reduced to 8250 kVA
Before After from 10000 kVA.

 1750KVA Transformer
Capacity Release.

 The power factor was


improved from 80% to
97%
2. Minimizing operation of idling
or lightly loaded motors.

We already talked about the fact that low


power factor is caused by the presence of
induction motors. But, more specifically,
low power factor is caused by running
induction motors lightly loaded.
3. Avoiding operation of equipment
above its rated voltage.

4. Replacing standard motors as


they burn out with energy-efficient
motors.
Even with energy-efficient motors, power
factor is significantly affected by variations in
load. A motor must be operated near its rated
load in order to realize the benefits of a high
power factor design.
Calculation Of The Capacitors
Qc = P (tan φ1 – tan φ2) Rating
C=
Qc/2πF
C : The capacitor capacitance (µF)

There are 3 types of capacitor


position
(1)Individually
(2)Grouping
(3)Overall

1- Individual 2- Group
Overall
Advantages:
 This method decrease my whole KVA demand
for my facility.
 Avoid the penalty due to low power factor.
 Decrease the effect of loads on the main
transformer.

Disadvantage:
 The improvement of pf decrease the KVAR that
pass in the whole cables before the capacitors
while the cables after the capacitors KVAR will
pass as in the original condition
harmonics (disadvantage of pf )

Causes of harmonics
- Uninterruptible power supplies
- Motors, fans and pumps
- Servers (especially blade-servers which have a leading power
factor)
- Personal computers, video monitors, printers and
photocopiers
- Fluorescent lights, low energy bulbs and low voltage lighting
using electronic transformers
- Lifts and escalators
- Variable speed drives and switched-mode power supplies
- Rectifiers, power converters and thyristor power controllers
- Chillers, compressors, freezers and microwave cookers
- Air-conditioning, heating and ventilating equipment
Effect of harmonics on my
system
1) Mains voltage distortion
2) Losses of electrical energy
3) Increase in the apparent power and
over-sizing of sources
4) Damage to capacitors xc=1/2fc
5) Harmonic resonance
Thanks for listening

Any questions

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