EE2084 Power Systems II

Fault Analysis – 4

Prof. Lidula N. Widanagama Arachchige

Dr. R Samarasinghe
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka
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Asymmetrical Three Phase Fault

Analysis
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Assumptions for Three Phase Fault Studies

• Pre-fault voltages are at 1pu (All generators are

running at their rated voltage and rated frequency
with their emfs in-phase)
• Sources represented by the Thevenin’s voltage is
the voltage prior to fault at the fault point
• Large systems may be represented by infinite bus-
bars
• Transformers are on nominal tap position
• Resistances are negligible compared to reactance
• Transmission lines are assumed fully transposed and
all 3 phases have same impedance
• Loads currents are negligible compared to fault
currents
• Effect of shunt capacitances is negligible
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Basic Voltage – Current Network Equations in Sequence

Components
• Pre-fault voltage is assumed balanced prior to the fault
→ Consists only of the positive sequence component
→ This is in fact the Thevenin’s equivalent at the point of the fault prior to the
occurrence of the fault

Va 0 0  Z 0 I a 0  Va 0   0   Z 0 0 0   I a0 
 V   E    0   
Va1 Ea  Z1 I a1  a1   a   Z1 0   I a1 
 Va 2   0   0 0 Z 2   I a 2 
Va 2 0  Z 2 I a 2
Ea
Z1 Ia1 Z2 Ia2 Z0 Ia0

Va1 Va2 Va0

Positive sequence networkNegative sequence network Zero sequence network
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Single Line to Ground faults (L – G

faults)
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L-G fault with zero impedance

a
Supply
b
Side
c
At the fault
• Va = 0 Va 0  Va1  Va 2 0

 I a0  1 1 1   Ia 
• Ib = Ic = 0  I   1 1 
 a1  3   2   I b 0
 I a 2  1  2    I c 0

Ia
I a 0 I a1 I a 2 
3
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L-G fault with zero impedance

Va 0  Va1  Va 2 0
a
Supply
Side b
Ia
c I a 0 I a1 I a 2 
3

Ea
Z1 Ia1 Z2 Ia2 Z0 Ia0
Va 0  Va1  Va 2 0
Va1 Va2 Va0 Ia Ia Ia
E a  Z1  Z 2  Z0 0
3 3 3
3E a
Fault Current, I a 
Z1  Z 2  Z 0
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L-G fault with fault impedance Zf

Zf
At the fault
a
• V a = I a Zf
Supply b
Side
• Ib = I c = 0
c
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L-G fault with fault impedance Zf

Zf
At the fault
a
Supply • Va = IaZf
Side b
• Ib = I c = 0
c

• Va = IaZf Va 0  Va1  Va 2 ( I a 0  I a1  I a 2 ) Z f

 I a0  1 1 1   Ia 
• Ib = Ic = 0  I   1 1 
 a1  3   2   I b 0
 I a 2  1  2    I c 0

Ia
I a 0 I a1 I a 2 
3
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L-G fault with fault impedance Zf

Va = IaZf Va1  Va 2  Va 0 ( I a 0  I a1  I a 2 ) Z f
Ia E  ( Z 0  Z1  Z 2 ) I a 0 3I a 0 Z f
I a 0 I a1 I a 2 
3
E
I a0 
Z 0  Z 1  Z 2  3Z f

3E
Fault Curret I a 3I a 0 
Z 0  Z 1  Z 2  3Z f
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L-G fault with fault impedance Zf

Ia
I a 0 I a1 I a 2 
3
Va 0  Va1  Va 2 3I a 0 Z f I a 0 3Z f

Ea
Z1 Ia1 Z2 Ia2 Z0 Ia0

Va1 Va2 Va0

3Zf
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L-G fault with fault impedance Zf

• Alternate analysis methods

a) Zf considered as part of earth path impedance

Ea 3Zf
Z1 Ia1 Z2 Ia2 Z0 Ia0

Va1 Va2 Va0

b) Zf considered as part of each line impedance

Ea
Z1+ Zf I Z2 + Zf I Z0 + Zf I
a1 a2 a0

Va1 Va2 Va0

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Line to Line faults

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L-L fault with no earth and no fault impedance,

Zf = 0
a
At the fault
Supply b • Vb = V c
Side fault • Ib = -Ic
c
• Ia = 0

 I a0  1 1 1  0 
 I a0  1 1 1   I a 0   I   1 1 
 I   1 1   2   I b 
 a1  3   2   I b   a1  3 
 I a 2  1  2     I b 
 I a 2  1  2    I c  I b 
I a 0 0
1
I a1     2 I b  I a 2
3
I a1  I a 2 0
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L-L fault with no earth and no fault impedance, Zf

=0

a
At the fault
Supply b • Vb = V c
Side fault • Ib = -Ic
c
• Ia = 0

 Va 0  1 1 1   Va 
 V   1 1   2   Vb  Va1 Va 2
 a1  3 
 Va 2  1  2    Vc Vb 
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L-L fault with no earth and no fault impedance, Zf

=0
a
Supply b
Side fault
c

Ea
Z1 Ia1
I a 0 0 Z0 Ia0
Va1
I a1  I a 2 0
Z2 Ia2 Va0
Va1 Va 2

Va2
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L-L fault with no earth and no fault impedance, Zf

=0
a
Supply b
Side fault
c

Ea Va1  Va 2 0
Z1 Ia1
E a  I a1 Z 1  I a1 Z 2 0
Va1 Ea
I a1 
Z1  Z 2
Z2 Ia2
1
since I a1     2 I b
3
Va2
3E a
Fault Current, I b 
   2 (Z1  Z 2 )
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L-L fault with no earth and with fault impedance,

Zf
a
At the fault
Supply b • Vb – Vc=Zf Ib
Side Zf fault • Ib = -Ic
c
• Ia = 0

 I a0  1 1 1  0 
 I a0  1 1 1   I a 0   I   1 1   2   I b 
 I   1 1   a1  3 
 a1  3   2   I b   I a 2  1  2     I b 
 I a 2  1  2    I c  I b  I a 0 0
1
I a1     2 I b
3
1
I a 2     2 I b  I a1
3
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L-L fault with no earth and with fault impedance,

Zf
a
At the fault
Supply b • Vb – Vc=Zf Ib
Side Zf fault • Ib = -Ic
c
• Ia = 0

 Va  1 1 1   Va 0 
 V   1  2  
Vb  Vc   2   Va1  Va 2 
 b     Va1 
 Vc  1   2   Va 2 
Vb  Vc  Z f I b  
Z f I b   2   Va1  Va 2 

1

I a1     2 I b  3I a1
3 Zf

 2
  
  2   Va1  Va 2 
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L-L fault with no earth and with fault impedance,
Zf
3I a1
a Zf
   
  2   Va1  Va 2 
 2

Supply
Side
b
I a1 
   
2 2
  V a1  Va 2 
Zf fault 3Z f
c
3Va1  Va 2  Va1  Va 2 
I a1  
3Z f Zf
Va1  Va 2   I a1 Z f
Ea
Z1 Ia1
I a 2  I a1
Z0 Ia0
Va1
I a 0 0 Zf
Z2 Ia2 Va0
Va1  Va 2   I a1 Z f

Va2
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L-L fault with no earth and with fault impedance,
Zf
a
Supply b
Side Zf fault
c

Va1  Va 2  I a1 Z f
Ea
Z1 Ia1 E a  I a1 Z 1  I a1 Z 2  I a1 Z f
Ea
Va1 I a1 
Zf Z1  Z 2  Z f
Z2 1
    2 I b
Ia2
since I a1
3
Va2 3E a
Fault Current, I b 
   2 (Z1  Z 2  Z f )
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L-L fault with no earth and with fault impedance,

Zf

Alternate analysis methods a

Supply b
Side Zf fault
c

Ea Z1+
Ia1
Z0+
Ia0
Va1
Z2+
Ia2 Va0

Va2
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L-L-G fault with earth and without fault impedance, Zf =0

a
At the fault
Supply
b • Vb = Vc= 0
Side
c • Ia = 0

At the fault

• Ia = 0 I a 0  I a1  I a 2 0

 Va 0  1 1 1   Va 
• Vb = Vc = 0  V   1 1 
 a1  3   2   Vb 0
 Va 2  1  2    Vc 0

Va
Va 0 Va1 Va 2 
3
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L-L-G fault with earth and without fault impedance, Zf =0

Ea
Z1 Ia1
a
Supply Va1
b
Side
c Z2 Ia2

Va2

I a 0  I a1  I a 2 0 Z0 Ia0

V Va0
Va 0 Va1 Va 2  a
3
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L-L-G fault with earth and with fault impedance,

Zf

Exercise
a

Supply b
Side

Zf
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Sequence Networks
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Sequence Impedances of Network
Components
• Conductors of a transmission line
→ passive and stationary →do not have an inherent direction
 Thus they always have the same positive sequence impedance and negative
sequence impedance
→ However, as the zero sequence path also involves the earth wire and or the
earth return path
 Thus the zero sequence impedance is higher in value
• Transformer
→ passive and stationary, do not have an inherent direction
 Thus it always has the same positive sequence impedance, negative sequence
impedance and even the zero sequence impedance
→ However, the zero sequence path across the windings of a transformer
depends on the winding connections and grounding impedance
• Generator (or a synchronous machine)
→ Has an inherent direction of rotation, and the sequence considered may either
have the same direction (no relative motion) or the opposite direction (relative
motion at twice the speed).
 Thus the generator can have different values of positive sequence and negative
sequence impedances due to saliency in salient pole machines
 Zero sequence impedances will be different from positive and negative sequences
due to neutral earthing impedances in both salient pole and cylindrical rotor
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Derivation of Sequence Networks

• Single line diagrams for network components
→Generator
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Derivation of Sequence Networks

→Zero-sequence Diagrams of Single Windings

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Derivation of Sequence Networks

→Zero-sequence diagrams of two winding

transformers
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Derivation of Sequence Networks

→Zero-sequence diagrams of three winding
transformers
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Exercise

• Draw the three sequence networks for the transmission

network shown in figure
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Exercise - Answer

• Given Network

• Positive Sequence Network

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Exercise - Answer

• Given Network

• Negative Sequence Network

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Exercise - Answer
• Given Network

• Zero Sequence Network

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Broken Conductor Faults

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Broken conductor faults

• Load currents cannot be neglected (these are the only

currents that are flowing in the network)

• Load currents prior to the fault are assumed to be

balanced
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Single conductor open on phase

“a”

• In the case of open conductor faults, the voltages are measured

across the break, such as a-a′.

• Single conductor open on phase “a”

• This condition is mathematically identical to the condition in the

L-L-G fault in the earlier section, except that the voltages are
measured in a different manner. The connection of sequence
networks will also be the same except that the points considered
for connection are different.
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Two conductors open on phases “b”

and “c”

• For the two conductors broken on phases “b” and “c”

condition, the boundary conditions are

• This condition is mathematically identical to the condition in

the L-G fault in the earlier section. The connection of
sequence networks will also be the same except that the
points considered for connection are different.
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Simultaneous faults
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Simultaneous Faults
• Sometimes, more than one type of fault may occur
simultaneously.

• These may all be short circuit faults, such as a single-line-

to-ground fault on one phase, and a line-to-line fault
between the other two phases. They may also be short-
circuit faults coupled with open conductor faults.

• Solution methods are similar, if the equations are

considered, however they may not have an equivalent
circuit to ease analysis.
→Sometimes, the constraints required cannot be directly
translated to connections.