Chapter 4

Exception Handling and debugging

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 Introduction to exception handling

• What is an exception? Exceptions are exceptional events or error conditions

within an application and are categorized as System or application
exceptions.
System exceptions are raised by the Common Language Runtime (CLR) and
include null reference, out of memory, divide by zero, and stack overflow
exceptions.
Application exceptions are custom exceptions, are thrown by the application, not
by the CLR. Some exceptional events or error conditions are detectable by
application logic, not by the runtime. 2
Causes of Exception
• Errors. Errors are the triggering events for Exceptions to occur.

•What is debugging ?
• The process of trying to track down errors in your program.
• It can also refer to handling any potential errors that may occur.
•There are three types of errors are Design-time errors, Run-time errors
and Logical errors

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A. Design-time errors
Design-Time errors are ones that you make before the program even runs.

In fact, for Design-Time errors, the program won’t run at all, most of the
time.

 You’ll get a popup message telling you that there were build errors, and
asking would you like to continue.

 Design-Time errors are easy enough to spot because the C# software will
underline them with a wavy colored line.

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colored lines to show design
time errors
The blue wavy lines are known as Edit and Continue issues, meaning
that you can make change to your code without having to stop the
program altogether.
Red wavy lines are Syntax errors, such as a missing semicolon at the
end of a line, or a missing curly bracket in an IF Statement.
Green wavy lines are Compiler Warnings. You get these when C#
spots something that could potentially cause a problem, such as
declaring a variable that’s never used. 5
B. Run-Time Errors
Run-Time errors are ones that crash your program.
 The program itself generally starts up OK.
 It’s when you try to do something that the error surfaces.
 A common Run-Time error is trying to divide by zero.

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C. Logic Errors
Logic errors are ones where you don’t get the result you were
expecting. Errors in programming logic
The program generally won’t “bug out” on you.

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• What is Exception handling? Its mechanism to handle errors happened in
programming lanagueg and is an important ingredient of a robust application and
should be included in the application design of every .NET program.

• Exception handling helps applications identify and respond to exceptional events in

a known and robust manner.

• This enhances the correctness of an application, which naturally improves customer

satisfaction.

• Unfortunately, exception handling is often an afterthought, which leads to poorly

implemented solutions for exception handling and a less robust application.

• Starting with application design, exception handling should be included in all

aspects of application planning and development. 8
Structured Exception Handling
.NET advocates structured exception handling, which is essentially the
try and catch statements.
A structured exception evaluates the stack to determine when code is
protected and where an exception is caught and handled.
When exceptions occur, the stack is walked in search of an exception
handler.
When a matching catch filter is located, the exception is handled in the
exception handler, which is the catch block. 9
Exampleusing
: System;
public class ExceptionHandling {
public static void Main ( ) {
try {
int var1=5, var2=0;
var1/=var2;
} catch (DivideByZeroException et) {
Console.WriteLine("Exception "+et.Message);
}catch(System.ArithmeticException e1) {
Console.WriteLine("Exception "+e1.Message);
}catch(Exception e2)
{
Console.WriteLine("Exception "+e2.Message);
}
Console.ReadKey();
static void Main(string[] args) {
Console.WriteLine(var1);
Console.ReadKey();
} } }
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 CH 5 File maniplutaing

• Introduction
• How to open a Text File
• Read from a Text file
• Write to a Text File
• How to Copy, Move and Delete a File
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 Introduction
File is a collection of data stored in a disk with a specific name and a
directory path.
When a file is opened for reading or writing, it becomes a stream.

Stream is sequence of bytes passing through the communication path.

There are two main streams:

1.Input Stream: is used for reading data from file (read operation)

2.Output Stream: is used for writing into the file (write operation).
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 C# I/O Classes
System.IO namespace has various classes that are used for
performing numerous operations with files,
This file operations include;

• Creating and deleting files,

• Reading from or writing to a file,
• Opening and closing a file etc.

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 Commonly used non-abstract classes in the System.IO
I/O Class Description
namespace
BinaryReader Reads primitive data from a binary stream.
BinaryWriter Writes primitive data in binary format.

BufferedStream A temporary storage for a stream of bytes.

Directory Helps in manipulating a directory structure.
DirectoryInfo Used for performing operations on directories.

DriveInfo Provides information for the drives.

File Helps in manipulating files.

FileInfo Used for performing operations on files.

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 I/O Class Description

FileStream Used to read from and write to any location in a file.

MemoryStream Used for random access to streamed data stored in memory.

Path Performs operations on path information.

StreamReader Used for reading characters from a byte stream.

StreamWriter used for writing characters to a stream.

StringReader used for reading from a string buffer.

StringWriter used for writing into a string buffer.

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 General file Manipulating
methods
Checking if a file exists
if(File.Exists("MyFile.txt"))
{
Console.WriteLine("File exist");
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine("File does not exist");
}

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 Cont’d…
Creating a new file
File.Create(FILE_DIR + "MyFile.bin");
Copying a file
File.Copy("MyFile.txt","MyFile2.txt",true);
Note the third argument in the above Copy method is used to indicate
whether the [second] file should be overwritten or not if it already
exists.

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 Cont’d…
Delete a file
File.Delete("MyFile2.txt");

Moving a file
File.Move("MyFile.txt","MySubDir\\MyMovedFile.txt");

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 Text files
Writing text to a text file
StreamWriter myFile = File.CreateText("MyFile.txt");
myFile.WriteLine("This text will be stored in a text file");
myFile.Close();
Appending text to a text file
StreamWriter myFile = File.AppendText("MyFile.txt");
myFile.WriteLine("This text will be appended to the file");
myFile.Close();
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 Text files
Reading from a text file
string s;
StreamReader myFile = File.OpenText("MyFile.txt");
while ((s = myFile.ReadLine()) != null)
{
Console.WriteLine(s);
}
myFile.Close();
Event Driven Programming Chapter-5:
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File Manipulation
 Classes File and Directory

Classes File and Directory allow an application to obtain

information about files and directories stored on disc
Each class contains a large set of static methods for both
manipulation and information gathering
These classes could be the basis of a hard disc scanning application
to determine usage and the amount of available storage space

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 Classes File and
Directory
static Method Description

AppendText Returns a StreamWriter that appends text

to an existing file or creates a file if one does
not exist.
Copy Copies a file to a new file.
Create Creates a file and returns its associated
FileStream.
CreateText Creates a text file and returns its associated
StreamWriter.
Delete Deletes the specified file.
Exists Returns true if the specified file exists and
false otherwise.
GetCreationTime Returns a DateTime object representing when
the file was created.

GetLastAccessTime Returns a DateTime object representing

when the file was last accessed.

Static methods of File

Event Driven Programming Chapter-5:
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File Manipulation
 Classes File and
Directory
static Method Description

GetLastWriteTime Returns a DateTime object representing

when the file was last modified.
Move Moves the specified file to a specified location.
Open Returns a FileStream associated with the
specified file and equipped with the specified
read/write permissions.
OpenRead Returns a read-only FileStream associated
with the specified file.
OpenText Returns a StreamReader associated with the
specified file.
OpenWrite Returns a read/write FileStream associated
with the specified file.

Static methods of File (cont..)

Event Driven Programming Chapter-5:
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File Manipulation
 Classes File and Directory
static Method Description

CreateDirectory Creates a directory and returns its associated

DirectoryInfo object.
Delete Deletes the specified directory.
Exists Returns true if the specified directory exists and
false otherwise.
GetDirectories Returns a string array containing the names of
the subdirectories in the specified directory.
GetFiles Returns a string array containing the names of
the files in the specified directory.
GetCreationTime Returns a DateTime object representing when the
directory was created.
GetLastAccessTime Returns a DateTime object representing when the
directory was last accessed.
GetLastWriteTime Returns a DateTime object representing when
items were last written to the directory.
Move Moves the specified directory to a specified
location.

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Static methods of Directory 24
 Event Driven Programming Chapter-5:
12/26/24 25
File Manipulation
 using System;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.IO;

public partial class FileTestForm1 : Form

{
public FileTestForm1()
{ InitializeComponent(); }

private void openFileDialog1_FileOk(object sender, CancelEventArgs e)

{
string fileName = openFileDialog1.FileName;
if (File.Exists(fileName))
displayFileInfo(fileName);
}

private void displayFileInfo(string fileName)

{ // Displays file information }

private void displayDirectoryInfo(string pathName)

{ // Displays directory information }

private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{ openFileDialog1.ShowDialog(); }

private void button2_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
folderBrowserDialog1.ShowDialog();
string pathName = folderBrowserDialog1.SelectedPath;
if (Directory.Exists(pathName))
displayDirectoryInfo(pathName);
}
}
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 Classes File and Directory
private void displayFileInfo(string fileName)
{
outputTextBox.Text += "\r\n\r\nFile: " + fileName + ":\r\n";
DateTime creationTime = File.GetCreationTime(fileName);
outputTextBox.Text += "Created: " + creationTime.ToString() + "\r\n";
DateTime lastModifiedTime = File.GetLastAccessTime(fileName);
outputTextBox.Text += "Last accessed: " + lastModifiedTime.ToString() +
"\r\n";
}

private void displayDirectoryInfo(string pathName)

{
string[] directoryList;
directoryList = Directory.GetDirectories(pathName);
outputTextBox.Text += "\r\n\r\nDirectory Contents:\r\n";

// Output directory contents

for (int i = 0; i < directoryList.Length; i++)
outputTextBox.Text += directoryList[i] + "\r\n";
}

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Thank
you!
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