COAST GUARD COMMUNICATIONS AND ELECTRONICS SYSTEM

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
• Main Purpose of an electronic communications systems is to transfer
information from one point to another.
• Electronic communications can be viewed as the transmission,
reception and processing of information between two or more
locations using electronic circuit / device.

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 COAST GUARD COMMUNICATIONS AND ELECTRONICS SYSTEM

Radio Communication Systems

Three Categories:
• Fixed Equipment
• Mobile
• Portable Radio

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Radio Communication System

• Fixed Equipment
• Fixed equipment located at site / central office. Radio Equipment is called as
Base Station
• Base station composed of transmitter, receiver, power supply, and has a built-
in speaker. It has a microphone and an antenna
• Unit is powered from wall socket.
• Three configurations:
• Local Control (Radio is in the same room / building with controller)
• Extended Local Control (up to 100 meters)
• Remote Control (Remote Control Unit through wire line / microwave / satellite

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Radio Communication System

• Mobile Station
• Two-way radio installed on a vehicle
• Power comes from battery of the vehicle
• Control Head can be detached from transceiver
• External Speaker

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Radio Communication System

Portable Station
• Two-way radio portable handheld radio
• Power comes from dedicated battery
• Built-in Speaker
• Antenna

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Radio Communication System

T1
• SIMPLEX COMMUNICATION R1
• Transmission in one direction at a
time. T1
R1
• Same Tx Frequency (T1) and Rx
T1
Frequency (R1) R1

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Radio Communication System

T1
• TWO-FREQUENCY SIMPLEX R2
COMMUNICATION
• Transmission in one direction at a T2
R1
time.
T1
• Base station can talk to both R2
Mobile and Portable
• Mobile and Portable cannot talk to
each other.

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Radio Communication System

T1
• REPEATER STATION R2

• Base Transmit to T1 and received R1

by Repeater R1 and immediately T2
re-transmits to T2 that can be
heard by Mobile and Portable at T1 T1
R2 R2
R2
• This is DUPLEX Communication

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Radio Communication System

T1 T2
• REPEATER Talkaround R2 R2

• Channel Frequency used so that R1

Mobiles and Portables can talk T2
directly to one-another.
T1 T1 T2
R2 R2 R2

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 COAST GUARD COMMUNICATIONS AND ELECTRONICS SYSTEM

Radio Communication System

ANTENNA
• SQUELCH
• a circuit that suppresses the AUDIO
output of a radio receiver if the RX
AMP
signal strength falls below a AUDIO SPEAKER
certain level. CARRIER
ANTENNA
SQUELCH

CODED
MICROPHONE TX SQUELCH
DECODER
CODED
SQUELCH
ENCODER

10

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Antennas
• Antennas comes in different shapes and sizes depending on their
application.

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Coverage Area
• In telecommunications, the coverage of a radio station is the
geographic area where the station can communicate

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Common Antenna Patterns

• Omni-directional Antenna

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 COAST GUARD COMMUNICATIONS AND ELECTRONICS SYSTEM

Common Antenna Patterns

• Cardiod Antenna

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 COAST GUARD COMMUNICATIONS AND ELECTRONICS SYSTEM

Common Antenna Patterns

• Dipole Antenna

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Transmission lines
• The transmitter that generates the RF power to drive the antenna is
usually located at some distance from the antenna terminals. The
connecting link between the two is the RF transmission line. Its
purpose is to carry RF power from one place to another, and to do
this as efficiently as possible.
• From the receiver side, the antenna is responsible for picking up any
radio signals in the air and passing them to the receiver with the
minimum amount of distortion so that the radio has its best chance to
decode the signal. For these reasons, the RF cable has a very
important role in radio systems: it must maintain the integrity of the
signals in both directions.
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 COAST GUARD COMMUNICATIONS AND ELECTRONICS SYSTEM

Two Types of Transmission lines

Cable Waveguides

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 COAST GUARD COMMUNICATIONS AND ELECTRONICS SYSTEM

RF Connectors
BNC (Bayonet Neill Concelman) features two bayonet lugs on the female connector,
and mating is achieved with only a quarter turn of the coupling nut. BNC's are
ideally suited for cable termination for miniature to subminiature coaxial cable (RG
- 58 to RG - 179, RG - 316, etc.). They have acceptable performance up to few GHz.

Type N (Navy) connectors were originally developed during the Second World War.
They are usable up to 18 Ghz, and very common for microwave and available for
almost all types of cable. Both the plug/cable and plug/socket joints are
waterproof, providing an effective cable clamp.

SMA is an acronym for SubMiniature version A and was developed in the 60s. 50 Ω SMA
connectors are precision, subminiature units that provide excellent electrical performance
up to 18 GHz. These high-performance connectors are
compact in size and mechanically have outstanding durability.

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 COAST GUARD COMMUNICATIONS AND ELECTRONICS SYSTEM

RF Connectors – others

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 COAST GUARD COMMUNICATIONS AND ELECTRONICS SYSTEM

Practical Hints on how to choose the proper

cables
• “The shorter the better!”
• “The cheaper the worse!”
• Microwave
• Avoid using RG-58
• Avoid using RG-213
• Use Heliax Cable or low loss cables
• Never step on the cables
• Observe proper bending. Maintain bending radius of at least 10x
Diameter of cable .

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 COAST GUARD COMMUNICATIONS AND ELECTRONICS SYSTEM

Practical Hints: How to choose the proper

connector
• The less the best
• Buy! Don’t Build!
• Don’t use BNC for 2.4GHz or higher. Use N type connectors (or SMA)
• microwave connectors are precision-made parts and can be easily
damaged by mistreatment. As a general rule, if the connectors have
threaded sleeves, you should rotate these to tighten, leaving the rest
of the connector (and cable) stationary
• Never step on connectors

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 COAST GUARD COMMUNICATIONS AND ELECTRONICS SYSTEM

Short Quiz
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

22

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 COAST GUARD COMMUNICATIONS AND ELECTRONICS SYSTEM

1. Your Name
2. Three categories of radio system (3 pts)
3. Simplex Communication is limited to use a single frequency for
transmit and reception. True or False?
4. Duplex Communication uses two frequencies. True or False?

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