SRM

INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY,
CHENNAI.

18CSS101J – Programming for Problem Solving

Unit I
 COURSE LEARNING RATIONALE
(CLR) The purpose of learning this course is
to:

Think and evolve a logically to construct an algorithm into a

CLR -1:
flowchart and a pseudocode that can be programmed

Utilize the logical operators and expressions

CLR -2:
to solve problems in engineering and
real-time

CLR -3: Store and retrieve data in a single and multidimensional array

Utilize custom designed functions that can be used to perform tasks

CLR -4:
and can be repeatedly used in any application

Create storage constructs using structure and unions. Create and

CLR -5:
Utilize files to store and retrieve information

Create a logical mindset to solve various engineering applications

CLR -6:
using programming constructs in C
 COURSE LEARNING
At the end of this course, learners will be able to:
OUTCOMES (CLO)

Identify methods to solve a problem through computer programming. List the

CLO -1: basic data types and variables in C

Apply the logic operators and expressions. Use loop constructs and recursion. Use
CLO -2: array to store and retrieve data

Analyze programs that need storage and form single and multi-dimensional
CLO -3: arrays. Use preprocessor constructs in C

Create user defined functions for mathematical and other logical operations. Use
CLO -4: pointer to address memory and data

Create structures and unions to represent data constructs. Use files to store and
CLO -5: retrieve data

Apply programming concepts to solve problems. Learn

CLO -6: about how C programming can be effectively used for solutions
 LEARNING RESOURCES

S. No TEXT BOOKS

1. Zed A Shaw, Learn C the Hard Way: Practical Exercises on the Computational
Subjects You Keep Avoiding (Like C), Addison Wesley, 2015

2. W. Kernighan, Dennis M. Ritchie, The C Programming Language, 2nd ed. Prentice

Hall, 1996

3. Bharat Kinariwala, Tep Dobry, Programming in C, eBook

4. http://www.c4learn.com/learn-c-programming-language/
 UNIT I
INTRODUCTION
Evolution of Programming & Languages - Problem Solving
through Programming - Creating Algorithms - Drawing
Flowcharts - Writing Pseudocode - Evolution of C language, its
usage history - Input and output functions: Printf and scanf -
Variables and identifiers – Expressions - Single line and
multiline comments - Constants, Keywords - Values, Names,
Scope, Binding, Storage Classes - Numeric Data types: integer -
 UNIT I
INTRODUCTION
floating point - Non-Numeric Data types: char and string -
Increment and decrement operator - Comma, Arrow and
Assignment operator - Bitwise and Sizeof operator
1. 1 Evolution of Programming & Languages
❑ A Computer needs to be given instructions in a programming
language that it understands
❑ Programming Language
❑ Artificial language that controls the behavior of computer
❑ Defined through the use of syntactic and semantic rules
❑ Used to facilitate communication about the task of organizing
and manipulating information
❑ Used to express algorithms precisely
1. 1 Evolution of Programming & Languages Contd…

Period Programming Langugaes

1950’s Creation of high-level languages
1960’s Forth. Simula I. Lisp, Cobol
1970’s Pascal, C language
1980’s ML. Smalltalk, C++
1990’s Java, Perl, Python languages
2000 Internet Programming
2010 Concurrency and asynchronicity. JavaScript and Go language
1. 2 Problem Solving through Programming
❑ Problem - Defined as any question, something involving doubt,
uncertainty, difficulty, situation whose solution is not
immediately obvious
❑ Computer Problem Solving
❑ Understand and apply logic
❑ Success in solving any problem is only possible after we have
made the effort to understand the problem at hand
❑ Extract from the problem statement a set of precisely defined
tasks
1. 2 Problem Solving through Programming Contd…
i. Creative Thinking

❑ Proven method for approaching a challenge or opportunity in

an imaginative way

❑ Process for innovation that helps explore and reframe the

problems faced, come up with new, innovative responses and

solutions and then take action

❑ It is generative, nonjudgmental and expansive
❑ Thinking creatively, a lists of new ideas are generated
1. 2 Problem Solving through Programming Contd…
ii. Critical Thinking

❑ Engages a diverse range of intellectual skills and activities that

are concerned with evaluating information, our assumptions

and our thinking processes in a disciplined way so that we can

think and assess information more comprehensively

❑ It is Analytical, Judgmental and Selective
❑ Thinking critically allows a programmer in making choices
1. 2 Problem Solving through Programming Contd…
1. 2 Problem Solving through Programming Contd…
❑ Program - Set of instructions that instructs the computer to do a
task
❑ Programming Process
a) Defining the Problem
b) Planning the Solution
c) Coding the Program
d) Testing the Program
e) Documenting the Program
1. 2 Problem Solving through Programming Contd…
1. 2 Problem Solving through Programming Contd…
❑ A typical programming task can be divided into two phases:
i. Problem solving phase

❑ Produce an ordered sequence of steps that describe solution

of problem this sequence of steps is called an Algorithm

ii. Implementation phase
❑ Implement the program in some programming language
❑ Steps in Problem Solving
a) Produce a general algorithm (one can use pseudocode)
1. 2 Problem Solving through Programming Contd…
b) Refine the algorithm successively to get step by step detailed
algorithm that is very close to a computer language

c) Pseudocode is an artificial and informal language that helps

programmers develop algorithms

❑ Pseudocode is very similar to everyday English
1. 3 Creating Algorithms
❑ An informal definition of an algorithm is:

Algorithm: a step-by-step method for solving

a problem or doing a task.
1. 3 Creating Algorithms Contd…
❑ What are Algorithms for?
❑A way to communicate about your
problem/solution with others
❑ A possible way to solve a given problem
❑ A "formalization" of a method, that will be proved
❑ A mandatory first step before implementing a solution
❑ Algorithm Definition - “A finite sequence of unambiguous,
executable steps or instructions, which, if followed would
ultimately terminate and give the solution of the problem”
1. 3 Creating Algorithms
❑ Notations
❑ Starting point
❑ Step Numbers – Positions in Algorithm
❑Incoming Information - Input
❑ Control Flow – Order of evaluating Instructions
❑ Statements
❑ Outgoing Information - Output
❑ Ending Point
1. 3 Creating Algorithms Contd…
❑ Properties of an algorithm
❑ Finite: The algorithm must eventually terminate
❑ Complete: Always give a solution when one exists
❑ Correct (sound): Always give a correct solution
❑ Rules of Writing an Algorithm
❑ Be consistent
❑ Have well Defined input and output
❑ Do not use any syntax of any specific programming language
1. 3 Creating Algorithms Contd…
❑ Algorithm development process consists of five major steps
❑ Step 1: Obtain a description of the problem
❑ Step 2: Analyze the problem
❑ Step 3: Develop a high-level algorithm
❑ Step 4: Refine the algorithm by adding more detail
❑ Step 5: Review the algorithm
1. 3 Creating Algorithms Contd…
Example
❑Problem
a) Develop an algorithm for finding the largest integer among a
list of positive integers
b) The algorithm should find the largest integer among a list of
any values
c) The algorithm should be general and not
dependon the number of integers
1. 3 Creating Algorithms Contd…
❑ Solution
a) To solve this problem, we need an intuitive approach
b) First use a small number of integers (for example, five), then
extend the solution to any number of integers
c) The algorithm receives a list of five integers as input and
gives the largest integer as output
1. 3 Creating Algorithms Contd…
Example 2: Print 1 to 20
❑ Step 1: Start
❑ Step 2: Initialize X as 0,
❑ Step 3: Increment X by 1,
❑ Step 4: Print X,
❑ Step 5: If X is less than 20 then go back to step 2.
❑ Step 6: Stop
1. 3 Creating Algorithms Contd…
Example 3
Convert Temperature from Fahrenheit (℉) to Celsius
(℃)
❑ Step 1: Start
❑ Step 2: Read temperature in Fahrenheit
❑ Step 3: Calculate temperature with formula C=5/9*(F-32)
❑ Step 4: Print C
❑ Step 5: Stop
1. 3 Creating Algorithms Contd…
Example 4
Algorithm to Add Two Numbers Entered by User
❑ Step 1: Start
❑ Step2: Declare variables num1, num2 and sum.
❑ Step 3: Read values num1 and num2.
❑ Step 4: Add num1 and num2 and assign the result to sum.
sum←num1+num2
❑ Step 5: Display sum Step 6: Stop
1. 3 Creating Algorithms Contd…
❑ Write an Algorithm to:

1) Find the Largest among three different numbers

2) Find the roots of a Quadratic Equation
3) Find the Factorial of a Number
4) Check whether a number entered is Prime or not
5) Find the Fibonacci Series
1. 4 Drawing Flowcharts
❑ Diagrammatic representation
❑ Illustrates sequence of operations to be performed
❑ Each step represented by a different symbol
❑ Each Symbol contains short description of the Process
❑ Symbols linked together by arrows
❑ Easy to understand diagrams
❑ Clear Documentation
❑ Helps clarify the understanding of the process
1. 4 Drawing Flowcharts Contd…
1. 4 Drawing Flowcharts Contd…
❑ Guidelines for Preparing Flowchart
❑ Logical order of requirements
❑ Ensure that Flowchart has logical Start and Stop
❑ Direction is from Top to bottom
❑ Only one flow line is used with Terminal Symbol
❑ Only one flow line should come out of a Process symbol
❑Only one flow line should enter a Decision symbol but multiple
lines may leave the Decision symbol
1. 4 Drawing Flowcharts Contd…
❑ Guidelines for Preparing Flowchart Contd…
❑ Write briefly within Symbols
❑ Use connectors to reduce number of flow lines
❑ Avoid intersection of flow lines
❑ Test Flowchart through simple test data
❑ Clear, Neat and easy to follow
1. 4 Drawing Flowcharts Contd…
1. 5 Writing Pseudocode
❑ Pseudo – Imitation / False

❑ Code – Instructions

❑ Goal: To provide a high level description of the Algorithm

❑ Benefit: Enables programmer to concentrate on Algorithm

❑ Similar to programming code

❑ Description of the Algorithm

❑ No specific Programming language notations

❑ Pseudo Code transformed into actual program code

1. 5 Writing Pseudocode Contd…
a) Guidelines for Writing Pseudo Code
❑ Write only one Statement per line
❑ Example – Pseudo Code for calculating Salary
1. READ name, hourly rate, hours worked, deduction rate
2. Gross pay = hourly rate * hours worked
3. deduction = gross pay * deduction rate
4. net pay = gross pay – deduction
5. WRITE name, gross, deduction, net pay
1. 5 Writing Pseudocode Contd…
b) Capitalize Initial Keyword
❑ Keywords to be written in capital letters
❑ Examples: READ, WRITE, IF, ELSE, WHILE, REPEAT, PRINT

c) Indent to show Hierarchy

❑ Indentation shows the structure boundaries
❑ Sequence
❑ Selection
❑ Looping
1. 5 Writing Pseudocode Contd…
d) End Multiline structures
❑ Each structure must end properly
❑ Example: IF statement must end with ENDIF

e) Keep Statements Language independent

❑ Resist the urge to write Pseudo Code in
any programming language
1. 5 Writing Pseudocode Contd…
 Advantages
❑ Easily typed in a Word document
❑ Easily modified
❑ Simple to Use and understand
❑ Implements Structured Concepts
❑ No special symbols are used
❑ No specific syntax is used
❑ Easy to translate into Program
1. 5 Writing Pseudocode Contd…

❑ Disadvantages

❑ No accepted Standard

❑ Cannot be compiled and executed

1. 5 Writing Pseudocode Contd…
❑ Write an Pseudo Code to:
1) Add three numbers and Display the result
2) Calculate Sum and product of two numbers
3) Input examination marks and award grades according to the
following criteria:
a) > = 80 Distinction
b) > = 60 First Class
c) > = 50 Second Class
d) < 40 Fail
1. 5 Writing Pseudocode Contd…
1. Pseudo Code to Add Three Numbers
⚫ Use Variables: sum, num1, num2, num3 of type integer
⚫ ACCEPT num1,num2,num3
⚫ Sum = num1+num2+num3
⚫ Print sum
⚫ End Program
1. 5 Writing Pseudocode Contd…
2. Calculate Sum and product of two numbers
⚫ Use Variables: sum, product, num1, num2 of type
integer
⚫ DISPLAY “Input two Numbers”
⚫ ACCEPT num1,num2
⚫ Sum = num1+num2
⚫ Print “The sum is”, sum
⚫ product = num1*num2
⚫ Print “The product is”, product
⚫ End Program
1. 5 Writing Pseudocode Contd…
3. Input examination marks and award grades
⚫ Use Variables: mark of type integer
⚫ If mark >=80 DISPLAY “Distinction”
⚫ If mark >=60 and mark <80 DISPLAY “First Class”
⚫ If mark >=50 and mark <60 DISPLAY “Second Class”
⚫ If mark <50 DISPLAY “Fail”
⚫ End Program
1. 6 History & Evolution of C
❑ C – General Purpose Programming
Language
❑ Developed by Dennis Ritchie in 1972
❑ Developed at Bell Laboratories
❑ Principles taken from BCPL and CPL
❑ Structured Programming Language
❑ C Program
❑ Collection of Functions
❑ Supported by C library
 1. 6 History & Evolution of C Cont…
Father of C Programming : Dennis Ritchie

Born On September 9 1941

Born in Bronxville – New York
Full Name Dennis MacAlistair Ritchie
Nickname DMR
Nationality American
Graduate From Harvard University
Graduate In Physics and Applied Mathematics
Webpage http://cm.bell-labs.com/who/dmr/
Dead On October 12 2011
1. 6 History & Evolution of C Cont…

1960
1967
1970
1972
1978
1989
1990
1999

Evolution of C
1. 6 History & Evolution of C Cont…
❑ Why the Name “C” was given ?
❑Many of C’s principles and ideas were derived from the earlier
language B
❑BCPL and CPL are the earlier ancestors of B Language (CPL is
common Programming Language)
❑In 1967, BCPL Language ( Basic CPL ) was created as a scaled
down version of CPL
❑As many of the features were derived from “B” Language the
new language was named as “C”.
1. 6 History & Evolution of C Cont…
❑ Characteristics of ‘C’
❑ Low Level Language Support
❑ Structured Programming
❑ Extensive use of Functions
❑ Efficient use of Pointers
❑ Compactness
❑ Program Portability
❑ Loose Typing
1. 6 History & Evolution of C Cont…
❑ Advantages of C
❑ Compiler based Language
❑ Programming – Easy & Fast
❑ Powerful and Efficient
❑ Portable
❑ Supports Graphics
❑ Supports large number of Operators
❑ Used to Implement Datastructures
 .

1. 6 History & Evolution of C Cont…

❑ Disadvantages of C
❑ Not a strongly typed Language
❑ Use of Same operator for multiple purposes
❑ Not Object Oriented
1. 7 Structure of ‘C’ Program
❑ Structure based on Set of rules defined by the Compiler
❑ Sections

1) Documentation 5) Local Declaration

2) Preprocessor 6) Program Statements
3) Global Declaration
4) main( ) function
 1. 7 Structure of ‘C’ Program Contd…
❑ Rules for Writing a C Program
a) All statements should be written in lower case
b) All statements should end with a semicolon
c) Upper case letters are used for symbolic constants
d) Blank spaces can be inserted between words
e) No blank space while declaring a variable, keyword, constant

f) Can write one or more statement in same line separated by

comma
g) Opening and closing of braces should be balanced
1. 7 Structure of ‘C’ Program Contd…
/* Program to Find Area of Circle */
Comm
ent
#include <stdio.h>
Preprocessor
#include <conio.h> Directives
const float pi = 3.14; void Global

main( ) Declaration main

{
Function Local Declaration &
float area; int r;
Initialization
printf(“Enter the Radius of the Circle”);
scanf(“%d”, &r); Executi
area = pi * r * r; on
printf(“The area of the Circle is %f”, area);
getch( );
}
1. 7 Structure of ‘C’ Program Contd…
1) Documentation Section
❑ Used for providing Comments
❑ Comment treated as a single white space by Compiler
❑ Ignored at time of Execution: Not Executable
❑ Comment: Sequence of Characters given between /* and */
❑ Example: Program Name, Statement description
/* Program to Find Area of a Circle*/
1. 7 Structure of ‘C’ Program Contd…
2) Preprocessor Section
❑ Also called as Preprocessor Directive
❑ Also called as Header Files
❑ Not a part of Compiler
❑ Separate step in Compilation Process
❑ Instructs Compiler to do required Preprocessing
❑ Begins with # symbol
❑ Preprocessor written within < >
1. 7 Structure of ‘C’ Program Contd…
❑ Examples
❑ #include <stdio.h>
❑ #include <conio.h>
❑ #include <math.h>
❑ #include <stdlib.h>
❑ #define PI 3.1412
1. 7 Structure of ‘C’ Program Contd…

Directiv Description
e
#define Substitutes a preprocessor macro.
#include Inserts a particular header from another file.
#undef Undefines a preprocessor macro.
#ifdef Returns true if this macro is defined.
#ifndef Returns true if this macro is not defined.
#if Tests if a compile time condition is true.
#else The alternative for #if.
#elif #else and #if in one statement.
#endif Ends preprocessor conditional.
1. 7 Structure of ‘C’ Program Contd…

Directiv Description
e
#error Prints error message on stderr.
Issues special commands to the compiler, using a standardized
#pragma
method.
1. 7 Structure of ‘C’ Program Contd…
3) Global Declaration Section
❑ Used to Declare Global variable (or) Public variable
❑ Variables are declared outside all functions
❑ Variables can be accessed by all functions in the program
❑ Same variable used my more than one function
1. 7 Structure of ‘C’ Program Contd…
4) main( ) Section
❑ main( ) written in all small letters (No Capital Letters)
❑ Execution starts with a Opening Brace : {
❑ Divided into two sections: Declaration & Execution
❑ Declaration : Declare Variables
❑ Executable: Statements within the Braces
❑ Execution ends with a Closing Brace : }
❑ Note: main( ) does not end with a semicolon
1. 7 Structure of ‘C’ Program Contd…
5) Local Declaration Section
❑ Variables declared within the main( ) program
❑ These variables are called Local Variables
❑ Variables initialized with basic data types
1. 8 C Programming Fundamentals
1. 8 C Programming Fundamentals Contd…
1. 8 C Programming Fundamentals Contd…

❑C Token - Smallest
individual unit of a C
program
❑C program broken into
many C tokens
❑Building Blocks of C
program
. 8 C Programming Fundamentals Contd…
1. 9 Single Line and Multiline Comments
❑ Comment – Definition
❑ Used to provide information about lines of code
❑ Provide clarity to the C source code
❑ Allows others to better understand what the
code was intended to
❑ Helps in debugging the code
❑ Important in large projects containing
hundreds or thousands of lines of source code
❑ Types – Single line and multiline comment
1. 9 Single Line and Multiline Comments Contd…
a) Single Line Comment
❑ Represented by double slash \\

#include<stdio.h>
int main( ){
//printing information
printf("Hello C");
return 0;
}
1. 9 Single Line and Multiline Comments Contd…
b) Multi-Line Comment
❑ Represented by slash asterisk \* ... *\

#include<stdio.h>
int main( ){
/*printing information
Multi Line Comment*/
printf("Hello C");
return 0;
}
1. 9 Single Line and Multiline Comments Contd…

Multi-Line Comments Single-Line Comment

Starts with /* and ends with */ Starts with //

All Words and Statements written Statements after the symbol //

between /* and */ are ignored upto the end of line are ignored

Comment Ends whenever

Comment ends when */ Occures ENTER is Pressed and New Line
Starts

e.g /* Program for Factorial e.g // Program for Fibonacci

date:
author : */
1. 10 Keywords
❑ Keywords – Conveys special meaning to Compiler
❑ Cannot be used as variable names
1. 11 Constants
❑ Definition :Value does not change during execution
❑ Can be a Number (or) a Letter
❑ Types
❑ Integer Constants
❑ Real Constants
❑ Character Constant
❑ Single Character Constants
❑ String Constants
1. 11 Constants Contd…
1. 12 Variables & Identifiers
❑ Identifier
❑ A string of alphanumeric characters that begins with an alphabetic
character or an underscore character
❑ There are 63 alphanumeric characters, i.e., 53 alphabetic characters and
10 digits (i.e., 0-9)
❑ Used to represent various programming elements such as variables,
functions, arrays, structures, unions
❑ The underscore character is considered as a letter in identifiers (Usually
used in the middle of an identifier)
1. 12 Variables & Identifiers Contd…
❑ Rules for Identifers
❑ Combination of alphabets, digits (or) underscore
❑ First character should be a Alphabet
❑ No special characters other than underscore can be used
❑ No comma / spaces allowed within variable name eg: int
ph_value - correct
int _sum;
int ph value - wrong
❑ A variable name cannot be a keyword
❑ Variable names are case sensitive SUM !=sum
❑ Variable Definition :Value changes during execution
❑ Identifier for a memory location where data is stored
1. 12 Variables & Identifiers Contd…
❑ Variable name length cannot be more than 31 characters
❑ Examples: AVERAGE, height, a, b,
sum, mark_1, gross_pay
❑ Variable Declaration
❑ A variable must be declared before it is used
❑ Declaration consists of a data type followed by one or
more variable names separated by commas.

❑ int sum;
❑ Syntax
datatype
variablename;
1. 12 Variables & Identifiers Contd…
❑ Examples
int a=5, b, c,
int sum=0;
float avg;
char name;
❑ Variable Initialization
❑ Assigning a value to the declared variable
❑ Values assigned during declaration / after declaration
1. 12 Variables & Identifiers Contd…
❑ Examples
i. int a, b, c;
a=10, b=20, c=30;
ii. int a=10 ,b=10, c=10;
❑ Scope of Variables
❑ Local Variables
❑ Global Variables
1. 13 Scope of Variables
❑ Definition
❑ A scope in any programming is a region of the program
where a defined variable can have its existence and beyond
that variable it cannot be accessed
❑ Variable Scope is a region in a program where a variable is
declared and used
❑ The scope of a variable is the range of program statements that
can access that variable
❑ A variable is visible within its scope and invisible outside it
1. 13 Scope of Variables Contd…
❑ There are three places where variables can be declared
a) Inside a function or a block which is called local variables
b) Outside of all functions which is called global variables

c) In the definition of function

parameters which are called formal parameters

1. 13 Scope of Variables Contd…
a) Local Variables

❑ Variables that are declared inside a function or block are

called local variables

❑ They can be used only by statements that are inside that

function or block of code

❑ Local variables are created when the control reaches the

block or function containing the local variables and then they

get destroyed after that

❑ Local variables are not known to functions outside their own
 /* Program for Demonstrating Local Variables*/
#include <stdio.h>
int sum; //global
int main ( )
{
/* local variable declaration */

int a, b; int

c;
/* actual initialization */
a = 10; b = 20;
c = a + b;

printf ("value of a = %d, b = %d and c = %d\n", a, b, c);

1. 13 Scope of Variables Contd…
b) Global Variables
❑ Defined outside a function, usually on top of the program
❑ Hold their values throughout the lifetime of the program
❑ Can be accessed inside any of the functions defined for the
program
❑ Can be accessed by any function
❑ That is, a global variable is available for use throughout
the entire program after its declaration
 /* Program for Demonstrating Global Variables*/

#include <stdio.h>
/* global variable declaration */
int g;
int main ( )
{
/* local variable declaration */
int a, b;
/* actual initialization */
a = 10; b = 20;
g = a + b;
printf ("value of a = %d, b = %d and g = %d\n", a, b, g);
return 0;
}
1. 13 Scope of Variables Contd…
❑ Note: A program can have same name for local and global
variables but the value of local variable inside a function will
take preference
1. 14 Binding
❑ A Binding is an association between an entity and an attribute
❑ Between a variable and its type or value
❑ Between a function and its code
❑ Binding time is the point at which a binding takes place
❑ Types of Binding
a) Design Time
b) Compile Time
c) Link Time
d) Run Time
1. 14 Binding Contd…
a) Design Time
❑ Binding decisions are made when a language is designed
❑ Example
❑ Binding of + to addition in C
b) Compile Time
❑ Bindings done while the program is compiled
❑ Binding variables to datatypes
❑ Example
❑ int a; float b; char c;
1. 14 Binding Contd…
c) Link Time
❑ Compiled code is combined into a full program for C
❑ Example
❑ Global and Static variables are bound to addresses
d) Run Time
❑ Any binding that happens at run time is called Dynamic
❑ Any binding that happens before run time is called Static
❑ Values that are dynamically bound can change
1. 15 Storage Classes in C
❑ What is a Variable?
❑ Storage Class Specifiers tells the Compiler about the following:
❑ Where to Store a Variable
❑ What is the Initial value of the Variable
❑ What is the Lifetime of a Variable
❑Variable Scope: Area or block where the variables can be
accessed

a) Automatic b) External Variables

Variables
d) Register variables
c) Static Variables
1. 15 Storage Classes in C Contd…
a) Automatic Variable (Or) Auto Variable (Or) Local Variable
❑ Default Storage class
❑ Defined inside a Function
❑ Scope of the Variable: Local to the function block where the
variable is defined
❑ Lifetime of the variable’s content vanishes after execution
❑ Keyword Auto used to Erase content of the variable
/* Program to Demonstrate Automatic (Or) Local Variables*/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main( )
{
int n = 10;
block1( );
block2( );
printf(“In Main Block n=%d”, n);
getch( );
}
block1( )
{
int n = 20;
printf(“In Block 1 n=%d”, n);
}
block2( )
{
int n = 30;
printf(“In Block 2 n=%d”, n);
}

Output

In Block 1 n=20

In Block 2 n= 30

In Main Block n=10

1. 15 Storage Classes in C Contd…
b) External Variable (Or) Global Variable
❑ Available to all the Functions
❑ Defined outside the Function
❑ Keyword Declare is used to define
the global variable (Optional)
❑ Scope of the Variable: Global to all the function blocks
❑ Lifetime of the variable’s content vanishes after the entre
program is executed
/* Program to Demonstrate External / Global Variables*/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int n = 10;
void main( )
{
block1( );
block2( );
clrscr( );
printf(“In Main Block n=%d”, n);
getch( );
}
block1( )
{
printf(“In Block 1 n=%d”, n);
return;
}
block2( )
{
printf(“In Block 2 n=%d”, n);
return;
}

Output

In Block 1 n=10

In Block 2 n= 10

In Main Block n=10

1. 15 Storage Classes in C Contd…
c) Static Variables
❑ Keyword Static is used to define the variable (Compulsory)
❑ Variable declared as static is initialized to NULL
❑ Value of the Static variable remains the same throughout the
program
❑ Scope of the Variable: Local or Global depending on where
it is declared
❑ Static Global: Defined outside the Function
❑ Static Local: Defined inside the Function
 /* Program to Demonstrate Static Variables*/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main( )
{
int x;
static int y;
clrscr( );
printf(“x=%dy=%d”, x, y);
getch( );
}

Output

x = 28722

y=0
1. 15 Storage Classes in C Contd…
d) Register Variables
❑ Variables stored in the CPU registers instead of Memory
❑ Keyword Register is used to define the variable
❑ Scope of the Variable: Local
❑ Advantages
❑ CPU register access is faster than memory access
❑ Disadvantages
❑ Number of CPU registers is less
❑ Less Number of variables can be stored in CPU registers
 /* Program to Demonstrate Register Variables*/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main( )
{
register int n=1;
clrscr( );
for(n=1; n<=10; n++)
printf(“%d”, n); getch( );
}

Output

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1. 16 Datatypes
❑ Defines a variable before use
❑ Specifies the type of data to be stored in variables
❑ Basic Data Types – 4 Classes
a) int – Signed or unsigned number
b) float – Signed or unsigned number having Decimal Point
c) double – Double Precision Floating point number
d) char – A Character in the character Set
❑ Qualifiers
1. 16 Datatypes Contd…
1. 16 Datatypes Contd…
a) Integer Data Type
❑ Whole numbers with a range
❑ No fractional parts
❑ Integer variable holds integer values only
❑ Keyword: int
❑ Memory: 2 Bytes (16 bits) or 4 Bytes (32 bits)
❑ Qualifiers: Signed, unsigned, short, long
❑ Examples: 34012, 0, -2457
1. 16 Datatypes Contd…
b) Floating Point Data Type
❑ Numbers having Fractional part
❑ Float provides precision of 6 digits
❑ Integer variable holds integer values only
❑ Keyword: float
❑ Memory: 4 Bytes (32 bits)
❑ Examples: 5.6, 0.375, 3.14756
1. 16 Datatypes Contd…
c) Double Data Type
❑ Also handles floating point numbers
❑ Double provides precision of 14 digits
❑ Integer variable holds integer values only
❑ Keyword: float
❑ Memory: 8 Bytes (64 bits) or 10 Bytes (80 bits)
❑ Qualifiers: long, short
1. 16 Datatypes Contd…
d) Character Data Type
❑ handles one character at a time
❑ Keyword: char
❑ Memory: 1 Byte (8 bits)
1. 17 Expressions
❑ Expression : An Expression is a
collection of operators and operands that
represents a specific value
❑ Operator : A symbol which performs
tasks like arithmetic operations, logical operations and
conditional operations
❑ Operands : The values on which the operators perform the task
❑ Expression Types in C
a) Infix Expression
b) Postfix Expression
c) Prefix Expression
1. 17 Expressions Contd…
a) Infix Expression
❑ The operator is used between operands
❑ General Structure : Operand1 Operator Operand2
❑ Example : a + b
b) Postfix Expression
❑ Operator is used after operands
❑ General Structure : Operand1 Operand2 Operator
❑ Example : ab+
1. 17 Expressions Contd…
c) Prefix Expression
❑ Operator is used before operands
❑ General Structure : Operator Operand1 Operand2
❑ Example : +ab
1. 17 Expressions Contd…
1. 18 Input and Output Functions
❑ Ability to Communicate with Users during execution
❑ Input Operation
❑ Feeding data into program
❑ Data Transfer from Input device to Memory
❑ Output Operation
❑ Getting result from Program
❑ Data Transfer from Memory to Output device
❑ Header File : #include<stdio.h>
1. 18 Input and Output Functions Contd…
❑ Input / Output Function Types
a) Formatted Input / Output Statements
b) Unformatted Input / Output Statements
1. 18 Input and Output Functions Contd…
a) Formatted Input / Output Statements
❑ Reads and writes all types of data values
❑ Arranges data in particular format
❑ Requires Format Specifier to identify Data type
❑ Basic Format Specifiers
❑ %d – Integer
❑ %f – Float
❑ %c – Character
❑ %s - String
1. 18 Input and Output Functions Contd…
i. The scanf ( ) Function
❑ Reads all types of input data
❑ Assignment of value to variable during Runtime

❑ Syntax

scanf(“Control String/Format Specifier”, &arg1, &arg2,…

&argn)
❑ Control String / Format Specifier
❑ arg1, arg2.,,, arg n – Arguments (Variables)
❑ & - Address
1. 18 Input and Output Functions Contd…

/* Giving Direct Input in /*Getting Input using scanf ( )

Program */ function */

#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h> #include<conio.h>
void main( ) void main( )
{ {
int a; int a;
a=10; scanf(“%d”, &a);
} }
 1. 18 Input and Output Functions Contd…

/* Getting Multiple Input using /* Getting Multiple Different Inputs

scanf ( ) function */ using scanf ( ) function */
#include<stdio.h> #include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h> #include<conio.h>
void main( ) void main( )
{ {
int a, b, c; scanf(“%d%d int a, b;
%d”,&a,&b,&c); float c;
} scanf(“%d%d%f”,&a,&b,&c);

}
1. 18 Input and Output Functions Contd…
/* Getting Multiple Input using scanf ( ) function */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main( )
{
int a, b;
float c;
scanf(“%d %d”, &a, &b);
scanf(“%f ”, &c);
}
1. 18 Input and Output Functions Contd…
ii. The printf ( ) Function
❑ To print Instructions / Output onto the Screen
❑ Requires Format Specifiers & Variable names to print
data
❑ Syntax

printf(“Control String/Format
Specifier”,arg1,arg2,… argn)

❑ Control String / Format Specifier

❑ arg1, arg2.,,, arg n – Arguments (Variables)
1. 18 Input and Output Functions Contd…
/* Example 1 – Using printf ( ) & scanf ( ) function */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main( )
{
int a;
printf(“Enter the Value of a”);
scanf(“%d”, &a);
printf(“Value of a is %d”, a);
getch( );
}
1. 18 Input and Output Functions Contd…
/* Example 2 – Using printf ( ) & scanf ( ) function */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main( )
{
int a, b, c;
printf(“Enter the Value of a, b & c”);
scanf(“%d %d %d”, &a, &b, &c);
printf(“Value of a, b & c is %d%d%d”, a, b, c);
getch ( );
}
/* Example 3 – Using printf ( ) & scanf ( ) function */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main( )
{
int a, b;
float c;
printf(“Enter the Value of a & b”);
scanf(“%d %d”, &a, &b);
printf(“Enter the Value of a & b”);
scanf(“%f ”, &c);
printf(“Value of a, b is %d%d”, a, b);
printf(“Value of c is %f”, c);
getch ( );
}
1. 18 Input and Output Functions Contd…
/* Example 4 – Using printf ( ) & scanf ( ) function */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main( )
{
int a, b;
float c;
printf(“Enter the Value of a, b & c”);
scanf(“%d %d%f”, &a, &b, &c);
printf(“Value of a, b & c is %d%d%f”, a, b, c);
getch ( );
}
1. 18 Input and Output Functions Contd…
❑ Try it Out Yourself ! Write a C program to:

1) Add two numbers

2) To Multiply two floating point numbers

3) To compute Quotient and Remainder

4) To Swap two numbers

1. 18 Input and Output Functions Contd…
b) Unformatted Input / Output Statements
❑ Works only with Character Data type
❑ No need of Format Specifier
❑ Unformatted Input Statements

i. getch ( ) – Reads alphanumeric

characters from Keyboard

ii. getchar ( ) – Reads one character at a time till enter key

is pressed
1. 18 Input and Output Functions Contd…
iii. gets ( ) – Accepts any string from Keyboard until Enter Key
is pressed
❑ Unformatted Output Statements

i. putch ( ) – Writes alphanumeric

characters to Monitor (Output Device)

ii. putchar ( ) – Prints one character at a time
iii. puts ( ) – Prints a String to Monitor (Output Device)
1. 19 Operators in C
❑ C supports rich set of built in Operators
❑ Used to manipulate Constants (Data) & Variables
❑ Part of Mathematical (or) Logical expressions
❑ Operators vs Operands
❑ Operator – Definition
❑ Symbol (or) Special character that instructs the compiler
to perform mathematical (or) Logical operations
1. 19 Operators in C Contd…
❑ Classification of Operators
a) Increment & Decrement Operators
b) Comma Operator
c) Arrow Operator
d) Assignment Operators
e) Bitwise Operators
f) Sizeof Operator
1. 19 Operators in C Contd…
a) Increment and Decrement Operators

❑ Increment and decrement operators are unary operators that

add or subtract one from their operand

❑ C languages feature two versions (pre- and post-) of each

operator
❑ Operator placed before variable (Pre)
❑ Operator placed before variable (Post)
❑ T he increment operator is written as ++ and the decrement
operator is written as --
1. 19 Operators in C Contd…
a) Increment and Decrement Operators Contd…
❑ Classification
❑ Pre Increment Operator
❑ Post Increment Operator
❑ Pre Decrement Operator
❑ Post Decrement Operator
1. 19 Operators in C Contd…
a) Increment and Decrement Operators Contd…

❑ Syntax

(pre)++variable_name; (pre)- -variable_name;

(Or)
variable_name++ (post); variable_name – (Post);

❑ Examples

❑ ++count, ++a, ++i, +

+count
❑ Count++, a++, i++, count++
1. 19 Operators in C Contd…
a) Increment and Decrement Operators Contd…

S. No Operator type Operator Description

Value of i is incremented before
1 Pre Increment ++i
assigning it to variable i.
Value of i is incremented after
2 Post Increment i++
assigning it to variable i.
Value of i is decremented before
3 Pre Decrement -- i
assigning it to variable i.
Post Value of i is decremented after
4 i --
Decrement assigning it to variable i.
 /* Program for Post Increment*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main( )
{
int i = 1;
while (i+
+<5)
{
} printf(“%d
}
getch”, i);
( );
}
Output
1234
a) Increment and Decrement Operators Contd…

❑ Step 1 : In this program, value of i “0” is compared with 5 in while

expression.

❑ Step 2 : Then, value of “i” is incremented from 0 to 1 using post-

increment operator.

❑ Step 3 : Then, this incremented value “1”

is assigned to the variable “i”.

❑ Above 3 steps are continued until while

expression becomes false and output is displayed as “1 2 3 4

5”.
 /* Program for Pre Increment*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main( )
{
int i = 1;
while (++i<5)
{
printf(“%d”
} , i ); }
getch
( );
}
Output
234
1. 19 Operators in C Contd…
a) Increment and Decrement Operators Contd…

❑ Step 1 : In above program, value of “i” is incremented from 0 to 1

using pre-increment operator.

❑ Step 2 : This incremented value “1” is compared with 5 in while

expression.

❑ Step 3 : Then, this incremented value “1”

is assigned to the variable “i”.

❑ Above 3 steps are continued until while expression becomes false

and output is displayed as “1 2 3 4”.

 /* Program for Post Decrement*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main( )
{
int i = 10;
while (i- - > 5)
{
printf(“%d”
} , i ); }
getch
( );
}
Output
10 9 8 7 6
1. 19 Operators in C Contd…
a) Increment and Decrement Operators Contd…

❑ Step 1 : In this program, value of i “10” is compared with 5 in while

expression.

❑ Step 2 : Then, value of “i” is decremented from 10 to 9 using post-

decrement operator.

❑ Step 3 : Then, this decremented value “9”

is assigned to the variable “i”.

❑ Above 3 steps are continued until while

expression becomes false and output is displayed as “9 8 7 6 5”.

 /* Program for Pre Decrement*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main( )
{
int i = 10;
while (--i>5)
{
printf(“%d
”, i);
}
}

getch
( );
Output
}
9876
1. 19 Operators in C Contd…
a) Increment and Decrement Operators Contd…

❑ Step 1 : In above program, value of “i” is decremented from 10 to

9 using pre-decrement operator.

❑ Step 2 : This decremented value “9” is compared with 5 in while

expression.

❑ Step 3 : Then, this decremented value “9”

is assigned to the variable “i”.

❑ Above 3 steps are continued until while expression becomes false

and output is displayed as “9 8 7 6”.

1. 19 Operators in C Contd…
b) Comma Operator

❑ Special operator which separates the declaration of multiple

variables

❑ Has Lowest Precedence i.e it is having lowest priority so it is

evaluated at last

❑ Returns the value of the rightmost operand when multiple

comma operators are used inside an expression

❑ Acts as Operator in an Expression and as a Separator

while Declaring Variables

1. 19 Operators in C Contd…
b) Comma Operator Contd…

#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{

int i, j;

i=(j=10, j+20);

printf(“i = %d\n j = %d\n” , i,j );

return 0;
}
1. 19 Operators in C Contd…
c) Arrow Operator (->)

❑ Arrow operator is used to access the

structure members when we use pointer

variable to access it

❑ When pointer to a structure is used then arrow operator is

used
1. 19 Operators in C Contd…
d) Assignment Operators
❑ Assigns result of expression to a variable
❑ Performs Arithmetic and Assignment operations
❑ Commonly used Assignment operator: =
❑ Syntax

variable = expression;

❑ Examples
❑ num = 25; age = 18; pi = 31.4; area = 3.14 * r * r;
1. 19 Operators in C Contd…
❑ Shorthand Assignment Operators

Simple Assignment
Shorthand Operator
Operator
a=a+1 a+=1
a=a–1 a-=1
a=a*2 a*=2
a=a/b a/=b
a=a%b a%=b
c = c * (a + b) c *= (a + b)
b = b / (a + b) b /=(a + b)
 /* Program for Assignment Operations*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main( )
{
int a; a
= 11;
a+ = 4;
printf(“Value of A is %d\n”,a); a =
11;
a- = 4;
printf(“Value of A is %d\n”,a); a =
11;
a* = 4;
printf(“Value of A is %d\n”,a); a =
11; a/ = 4;
 printf(“Value of A is %d\
n”,a); a = 11;
a% = 4;
printf(“Value of A is %d\
n”,a); getch ( );
}

Output
Value of A is
15 Value of A
is 7 Value of A
is 44 Value of
A is 2 Value of
A is 3
1. 19 Operators in C Contd…
e) Bitwise Operators
❑ In arithmetic-logic unit, mathematical operations like:

addition, subtraction, multiplication and division are done in

bit-level
❑ To perform bit-level operations in C programming, bitwise
operators are used
❑ Bit wise operators in C language are & (bitwise AND), |
(bitwise OR), ~ (bitwise NOT), ^ (XOR), << (left shift) and >>
(right shift)
1. 19 Operators in C Contd…
e) Bitwise Operators Contd…
 PROGRAM TO DEMONSTRATE BITWISE
OPERATIONS

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
unsigned int a = 60; /* 60 = 0011 1100 */
unsigned int b = 13; /* 13 = 0000 1101 */
int c = 0; c = a & b; /* 12 = 0000 1100 */
printf("Line 1 - Value of c is %d\n", c ); c = a | b; /* 61 = 0011 1101 */
printf("Line 2 - Value of c is %d\n", c ); c = a ^ b; /* 49 = 0011 0001 */
printf("Line 3 - Value of c is %d\n", c ); c = ~a; /*-61 = 1100 0011 */
printf("Line 4 - Value of c is %d\n", c ); c = a << 2; /* 240 = 1111 0000 */
printf("Line 5 - Value of c is %d\n", c ); c = a >> 2; /* 15 = 0000 1111 */
printf("Line 6 - Value of c is %d\n", c );
return 0;
}
Output
Line 1 - Value of c is 12
Line 2 - Value of c is 61
Line 3 - Value of c is 49
Line 4 - Value of c is -61
Line 5 - Value of c is 240
Line 6 - Value of c is 15
1. 19 Operators in C Contd…
f) Sizeof Operators
❑ This operator returns the size of its operand in bytes
❑ The sizeof operator always precedes its operand
❑ Used to calculate the size of data type or variables
❑ Can be nested
❑ Returns the size in integer format
❑ Syntax looks more like a function but it is considered as an
operator in c programming
 /* Program for Sizeof Operators*/
#include<stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int a;
float b;
double c;
char d;
printf(“Size of Integer :%d\n\n”,sizeof(a));
printf(“Size of Floating Point :%d\n\n”,sizeof(b));
printf(“Size of Double :%d\n\n”,sizeof(c));
printf(“Size of Charcter :%d\n\n”,sizeof(d));
return 0;
}
Output
Size of Integer :2
Size of Floating Point : 4
Size of Double : 8
Size of Character :1
THANK
YOU