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Electric Vehicles 2

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19 views21 pages

Electric Vehicles 2

Uploaded by

chandangpm
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ELECTRIC MOTOR

Requirements of Motor for EVs


• High starting torque.
• High power density.
• High efficiency.
• Reasonable cost.
• Robust and reliable for various vehicle operating conditions.
Electric motors used in EVs
1. Brushless DC Motor(BLDC)
2. Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor(PMSM)
3. 3 Phase Induction Motor
4. Switched reluctance motor
Brushless DC Motor(BLDC)/ synchronous
DC motor
• BLDC Motors are being used in most of the lightweight 2 Wheeler & 3
Wheeler EVs like Electric Scooters/Electric Motorcycles/E-rickshaw.
BLDC MOTOR
• Brushless DC motors operate on the same principle of magnetic
attraction and repulsion as brush motors.
• But they are constructed somewhat differently.
• Instead of a mechanical commutator and brushes, the magnetic field
of the stator is rotated by using electronic commutation.
• This requires the use of active control electronics.
• In brushless DC (BLDC) motors, Hall effect sensors are used in place of
a mechanical commutator and brushes.
BLDC MOTOR

• Two basic parts: rotor and stator


• The rotor is the rotating part and has
Permanent magnets whereas stator is
the stationary part and contains
stator windings.
• It commutated electronically instead
of mechanical commutation like in a
conventional DC motor.
BLDC MOTOR
Position Sensors (Hall
Sensors)

• In order to rotate the motor, the windings of the stator must be


energized in a sequence and the position of the rotor (i.e. the North
and South poles of the rotor) must be known to precisely energize a
particular set of stator windings.

• When the rotor passes a sensor, it produces either a high or a low


signal to indicate which rotor pole (N or S) has passed
• A Position Sensor, which is usually a Hall Sensor (that works on the
principle of Hall Effect) is generally used to detect the position of
the rotor and transform it into an electrical signal.
• Most BLDC Motors use three Hall Sensors that are embedded into
the stator to sense the rotor’s position.
• The output of the Hall Sensor will be either HIGH or LOW
depending on whether the North or South pole of the rotor
passes near it.
• By combining the results from the three sensors, the exact
sequence of energizing can be determined.
Advantages
• No wear and tear (due to absence of brushes)
• High efficiency
• Better speed vs torque characteristics
• Long life
• Less noise or noiseless operation
• Significantly higher RPM
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM)

• PMSM is a kind of synchronous motor in which permanent magnet is


used as rotor .

• Theses permanent magnets are mounted on the rotor core.


Note- used in top brand Hybrid EVs
Permanent Magnet Synchronous
Motor (PMSM)
• It consists of a rotor and a stator. The stator is the fixed part. The rotor
is the rotating part.
• Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSMs) are brushless and
have very high reliability and efficiency.

• Due to their permanent magnet rotor, they also have higher torque
with smaller frame size and no rotor current, all of which are
advantages over AC Induction Motors.
• With their high power-to-size ratio, PMSMs can help make your
design smaller without the loss of torque.
• PMSMs need to be commutated like BLDC motors
• Based on the mounting arrangement of magnet on rotor core,
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) can be categorized
into two types:

1. Surface Mounted PMSMs (permanent magnet is mounted on the


rotor surface)
2. Buried or interior PMSMs(the permanent magnets are embedded
into the rotor)
Working

• The working principle of permanent magnet synchronous motor is


same as that of synchronous motor.

• The principle of operation is based on the interaction of the rotating


magnetic field of the stator and the constant magnetic field of the
rotor.
• When three phase winding of stator is energized from 3 phase
supply, rotating magnetic field is set up in the air gap.
• At synchronous speed, the rotor field poles locks with the rotating
magnetic field to produce torque and hence rotor continues to rotate.
• As we know that synchronous motors are not self starting, PMSM
needs to be started somehow.
• PMSM and BLDC motors can usually be driven with either six-step
commutation or sinusoidal commutation.
• A PMSM motor produces higher torque as compared to BLDC motor.
• The efficiency of a BLDC motor is less, around 85% to 90%.
• PMSM motors are comparatively more efficient. The typical efficiency
is about 92% to 97%.
• The efficiency of 3 phase Induction motor is typically about 92% to
95%.
• The switching losses in a PMSM motor are high.
Advantages
• Dynamic performance in both high and low-speed operation
• High power density
• High and smooth torque
• High efficiency at high speeds
• Available in small sizes at different packages
• Easy maintenance and installation
• High reliability
• Less noisy
Applications

• Air conditioner and refrigerator (AC) compressors


• Direct-drive washing machines
• Automotive electrical power steering
• Machining tools
• Traction control
• Electric vehicle drivetrain
• Industrial applications like robotics, aerospace, and many more.
Disadvantages

• Very expensive
• Difficult to start up because it is not a self-starting motor

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