Secondary

Storage
 
Chapter 4
 Lesson Outcomes
 Why I should know about this chapter?
o Not right secondary storage will make your computer
slow, digital camera won’t take pictures and your phone
won’t be able to run apps.
 Lesson Outcomes
 At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:
o Differentiate between primary and secondary storage.
o Identify the important characteristics of secondary storage including media,
capacity, storage devices and access speed.
o Describe hard-disk platters, tracks, sectors, cylinders and head crashes.
o Compare internal and external hard drives.
o Compare performance enhancements including disk caching, RAID, file
compression and file decompression.
o Define optical storage including compact discs, digital versatile discs and Blu-ray
discs.
o Define solid-state storage including solid-state drives, flash memory cards and
USB drives.
o Define cloud storage and cloud storage services.
o Describe mass storage, mass storage devices, enterprise storage systems and
storage are networks.
o Discuss the other types of storage – magnetic stripe card, smart card, RFID tag,
microfilm and microfiche
o Identify/suggest secondary storage for each category of user
 Storage
Stora • holds data, instructions and

ge information for future use

Storage medium

• the physical material on which a computer keeps data, instructions,

and information
Storage device

• the computer hardware that records and/or retrieves items to and from
storage media
• involves two processes:
Reading is the process of
transferring items from a storage
medium into memory
Writing is the process of
transferring items from memory to
a storage medium
 Storage
Secondary Storage

• Provides permanent or nonvolatile storage.

• Items on a storage medium remain intact even when you
turn off a computer or mobile device
Storage
 Storage
 Important characteristics of
secondary storage:
o Media – physical material that holds data &
programs
o Capacity – how much a particular storage
medium can hold
o Storage devices – hardware that reads data &
programs from storage media
o Access speed – measures amount of time
required by the storage to retrieve data &
programs
 Storage
Capacity
the number of bytes a storage
medium can hold
 Hard Disk
 A hard disk contains one or more inflexible,
circular platters that use magnetic particles to
store data, instructions and information
 Hard Disk
 Hard disks use rigid metallic platters that
are stacked one on top of another
 It stores and organizes files using tracks,
sectors and cylinders.
 Hard Disk
 Hard disks are sensitive instruments.
 The clearance between a hard disk read/write head and the
platter is about 0.000001 inch thick.
 A head crash occurs when a read/write head touches the
surface of a platter – resulting in a loss of data or
sometimes loss of the entire disk
 Hard Disk
 There are two basic types of hard disks :
o Internal hard disk
• Located inside the system unit
• Fast access to retrieve large quantities of information
• Cannot be easily removed from the system unit
o External hard disk
• Slower access
• Usually connected to a USB or Thunderbolt port on
the system unit
• Easily removed
 Hard Disk
 Performance enhancement techniques:

Technique Description
Disk catching Uses cache and anticipates data
needs
RAID Linked, inexpensive hard disk
drives
File compression Reduces file size
File decompression Expands compressed files
 Solid-state Storage
 Solid-state memory contains no moving parts
 Data and information are stored and retrieved
electronically
 Types of flash memory storage:

Solid- Memor USB

state y flash
drives cards drives
 Solid-state Storage
Solid–state devices (SSDs) have no moving parts

 Solid-state drives
o Faster and more durable than hard disks
o Access to slash memory or solid state storage

 Flash memory cards

o Widely used in laptops, smartphones, GPS
navigation systems

 USB Drives (or Flash Drives)

o Connect to USB port
o Capacity of 1 GB to 256 GB
o Portable
Flash Memory Storage

Solid-state
drive
• contains its own
processor to
manage its
storage

Discovering Computers 2014: Chap

ter 8
Flash Memory Storage
Higher storage capacity
Advantag
Faster access times
es of
Faster transfer rates
SSDs
Quieter operation
over More durable
traditiona Lighter weight
l Less power consumption
(magneti Less heat generation
c) hard Longer life
disks: Discovering Computers 2014: Chap
ter 8
Flash Memory Storage
Memory
card
• a removable
flash memory
device that you
insert and
remove from a
slot in a
computer,
mobile device,
or card Discovering Computers 2014: Chap
ter 8
Flash Memory Storage
CF (CompactFlash)
Comm SDHC (Secure Digital High Capacity)

on SDXC (Secure Digital Expanded Capacity)

miniSD
types microSD

of microSDHC

memor
microSDXC
xD Picture Card

y Memory Stick PRO Duo

cards: M2 (Memory Stick Micro)

Discovering Computers 2014: Chap

ter 8
Flash Memory Storage

USB Flash
Drives
• plug into a USB
port on a
computer or
mobile device

Discovering Computers 2014: Chap

ter 8
 Cloud Storage
 Cloud storage is an Internet service that
provides storage to computer or mobile device
users
 Supplied by servers that provide cloud storage or
online storage
 Cloud Storage
 Advantages of cloud storage:
Access files from any computer

Store large files instantaneously

Allow others to access their files

View time-critical data and images immediately

Store offsite backups

Provide data center functions

 Cloud Storage
 Disdvantages of cloud storage:

Access Speed

File Security
Cloud Storage Service Companies
 Cloud Storage- Making IT Work for
You
 Using a cloud storage service makes it easy to upload
and share files with anyone.

Starting Dropbox Dropbox Sharing Dropbox

Step 1 Step 2
 Optical Discs
 An optical disc consists of a flat, round, portable
disc made of metal, plastic, and lacquer that is
written and read by a laser
 Optical Discs
 Use reflected light to represent data
o Lands represent 1s and 0s on the disc
o Pits are bumpy areas on the disc that, when light is
reflected, determine the 1s and 0s
o Use tracks and sectors to organize and store files
but only use a single track unlike the hard drive
 Optical Discs
 Optical discs
commonly store
items in a single
track that spirals
from the center of
the disc to the
edge
 Track is divided
into evenly sized
sectors
 Optical Discs
A CD-ROM can A CD-R is an
be read from optical disc on
but not written which users can
to write once, but
• Single-session disc
not erase

A CD-RW is an
erasable
multisession
disc
 Optical Discs

A DVD-ROM is a high-capacity optical disc on

which users can read but not write on or erase
A DVD-R or DVD+R are competing DVD-
recordable WORM formats, on which users can
write once but not erase
DVD-RW, DVD+RW, and DVD+RAM are high-
capacity rewritable DVD formats
Optical Discs
 Mass Storage Devices
 To meet the needs of
organizations requiring large
amounts of secondary storage
requirements
 Enterprise storage system
o Safe use of data across an
organizational network
 Devices include:
o File servers
o Networked attached storage (NAS)
o RAID systems
o Organizational cloud storage
 Enterprise Storage
 Enterprise hardware allows large organizations to
manage and store data and information using
devices intended for heavy use, maximum
efficiency, and maximum availability
RAID
Network attached storage
(NAS)
Storage area network (SAN)
Tape
Enterprise Storage
 Enterprise Storage
RAID

• duplicates data, instructions,

and information to improve
data reliability
 Enterprise Storage
Network attached storage (NAS)

• a server that is placed on a network with the

sole purpose of providing storage to users,
computers, and devices attached to the
network
Enterprise Storage
 Enterprise Storage
Storage area network (SAN)

• a high-speed network with the sole purpose

of providing storage to other attached
servers
 Enterprise Storage
Tape

• a magnetically
coated ribbon of
plastic capable of
storing large
amounts of data
and information
• A tape drive reads
and writes data
and information
on a tape
Other Types of Storage
Magnetic stripe
card
www.indiamart.com
• contains a magnetic
stripe that stores
information
Smart card
• stores data on an
www.innoozest.com integrated circuit
embedded in the card
Other Types of Storage
RFID tag
• consists of an antenna and a
memory chip that contains the
information to be transmitted
via radio waves
www.cardsdc.com

Microfilm and
microfiche
• store microscopic images of
documents on a roll or sheet
film
 Careers In IT
 Disaster recovery specialists are responsible for
recovering systems and data after a disaster
strokes
 General employer requirements
o Bachelors or associates degree in
computer science or information systems
o Experience in the field and skills in networking, security
and DBA
o Communication and skills and be able to handle high-sress
situations
 Annual salary of $70 K to $88 K
 A Look to the Future ~ Next
Generation Storage

 At some point, hard drives

will no longer be able to
keep up
o Looking at ways of
increasing capacity without
increasing size
o Currently hard drive maxes
out at 128 GB per square
inch.
o New technologies may
advance this to 6.25 TG
(6,250 GB) per square inch.
End of Chapter 4
 
 Open-Ended Questions

1. Compare primary storage and secondary storage, and discuss the

most important characteristics of secondary storage.
2. Discuss hard disks including density, platters, tracks, sectors,
cylinders, head crashes, internal, external, and performance
enhancements.
3. Discuss solid-state storage including solid-state drives, flash
memory, and USB drives.
4. Discuss optical disks including pits, lands, CDs, DVDs, Blu-ray, and
hi def.
5. Discuss cloud computing and cloud storage.
6. Describe mass storage devices including enterprise storage
systems, file servers, network attached storage, RAID systems,
organizational cloud storage, and storage area network systems.