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AV-232 - L2 - Coord Sys N Transformations

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15 views21 pages

AV-232 - L2 - Coord Sys N Transformations

Uploaded by

Zul Shamalain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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AV-232

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD THEORY


Lecture No 02

Cartesian, Cylindrical and Spherical


Coordinates and Transformations
Text Book : Elements of Electromagnetics, Matthew N. O. Sadiku, 2nd Ed
Sections 2.1 – 2.4

December 31, 2024 – Academic Week No


01/18
Number of Slides: 21 1
Learning Objectives
Understand Cartesian, Cylindrical and Spherical
Coordinates
Transformation b/w different coordinate systems

2
Last Time : Bigger Picture
• EM is the study of Electric and Magnetic phenomena.

• Text Book & Course Break Down


– Part 1 : Vector Analysis (Chap 1, 2 & 3)
• Vector Algebra, Coordinate Systems, Vector Calculus
[Mathematical Foundation]
– Part 2 & 3 : Time-Invariant Conditions
• Electrostatics (Chap 4, 5 & 6)
• Magnetostatics (Chap 7 & 8)
– Part 4 : Time-Varying Conditions
• Electromagnetics (Chap 9 to 13 : Next Semester)
• Maxwell Equations, EM wave propagation, Tline, Waveguides,
Antenna

3
Part 1 : Vector Analysis
(Chap 1, 2 & 3)
– Last Lecture : Part 1 : Vector Analysis (Chap 1)
• Vector Algebra
– Scalar & Vector , Unit Vectors, Vector Representation (Graph & Mathematically)
– Vector Addition & Subtraction, Cross & Dot Productt, Component of vector
• Why(To apply wef Chap 4-8 This semester + Chp 9 -13 Next Sem)
– This Lecture : Part 1 : Vector Analysis (Chap 2)
• Coordinate System & Transformation
– Cartesian Coordinates
– Cylindrical Coordinates
– Spherical Coordinates
– Transformation

4
Cartesian Coordinates (x, y, z)
• A point ‘P’ can be represented as (x, y, z). The ranges of the
coordinate variables x, y, and z are:

• A vector A in Cartesian (otherwise known as rectangular)


coordinates can be written as
(Ax, Ay, Az) or Axax + Ayay + Azaz
where ax, ay, and az are unit vectors along the x-, y-, and z-directions

5
Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates
• In plane 2D geometry, the polar coordinate system is used to give a
convenient description of certain curves and regions.
• Point ‘P’ has Cartesian coordinates (x, y) and polar coordinates (r, ),
they can be transformed as:
• x = r cos  y = r sin 
• r2 = x 2 + y 2 tan  =

• In 3D geometry, there are two coordinate systems (Cylindrical &


Spherical) that are similar to polar coordinates and give convenient
descriptions of some commonly occurring surfaces and solids
• They are especially used for computing volumes and triple integrals.
6
Circular Cylindrical Coordinates (ρ, ϕ, z)
A point ‘P’ in cylindrical coordinates is represented by the ordered
triple as (ρ, ϕ, z), where

• ρ is the radius of cylinder passing through ‘P’:


i.e. Radial distance from the z-axis.

• ϕ is called the azimuthal angle:


Measured from the x-axis in xy-plane.

• z is same as in the Cartesian system.

7
Circular Cylindrical Coordinates (ρ, ϕ, z)
• Cylindrical coordinates are useful in problems that involve
symmetry about an axis, and the z-axis is chosen to coincide with
this axis of symmetry.

• For instance, the axis of symmetry of circular cylinder with


Cartesian equation x2 + y2 = c2 is the z-axis.

• This is the reason for name “cylindrical” coordinates.

r=c 8
Circular Cylindrical Coordinates (ρ, ϕ, z)

9
Cylindrical Coordinates - Transformation

10
Cylindrical Coordinates - Transformation
• Relationship between cylindrical and rectangular coordinates unit
vectors

11
Conversion b/w Cylindrical & Rectangular Coordinates

(a) Plot the point with cylindrical coordinates (2, 2/3, 1) and find its
rectangular coordinates.
(b) Coordinates of the point with rectangular coordinates (3, –3, –7).
Find cylindrical
• Solution (a)

• Thus the point is (–1, , 1) in rectangular coordinates.


12
Conversion b/w Cylindrical & Rectangular Coordinates

• Solution (b)

• Therefore one set of cylindrical coordinates is ( , 7/4, –7).


Another is ( , –/4, –7).
• As with polar coordinates, there are infinitely many choices.

13
Spherical Coordinates (r, , )
• Convenient when dealing with problems having a degree of spherical
symmetry.
• A point ‘P’ in spherical coordinates is represented by the ordered
triple as (r, , );

14
Spherical Coordinates (r, , )

15
Spherical Coordinates - Transformation

16
Spherical coordinates - Transformation
• Relationship between rectangular and spherical coordinates unit
vectors

17
Spherical coordinates - Transformation
• Relationship between rectangular and spherical coordinates unit
vectors

18
Conversion b/w Spherical & Rectangular Coordinates
• The point (2, /3, /4) is given in spherical coordinates. Plot the
point and find its rectangular coordinates.
Solution:
• x = r sin cos

• y = r sin sin

• z = r cos

• Thus the point (2, /4, /3) is in rectangular


coordinates.
19
NEXT TIME

Constant Coordinate System

20
QUESTIONS?

21

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