BUILDING SERVICES &EQUIPMENTS-I

SEMESTER 3, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

M O D U L E –3
SANITATION&DRAINAGE
M A T E R I A L S, F I T T I N G S & A P P L I A N C E S

Munmun Chakravarty, Lecturer in Architecture,

North Calcutta Polytechnic, Govt. of West Bengal.
3.1 PIPE MATERIALS
SUPPLY PIPES: Cast Iron, Steel, Reinforced concrete, Prestressed concrete,
Galvanized Mild Steel tubes, Copper, Brass, Wrought Iron, Asbestos Cement, Lead,
Polythene, Unplasticized PVC — DRAINAGE PIPES: Salt Glazed Stoneware, Cast
Iron, Asbestos Cement, Lead, Unplasticized PVC
3.2 JOINTING OF PIPES
Names of different type of joints for different pipe materials with detail reference to
SPIGOT & SOCKET JOINTS, FLANGED JOINTS AND CEMENT MORTAR
JOINTS — LAGGING OF PIPES
3.3 VALVES, COCKS, TAPS, FIRE HYDRANTS & OTHER FITTINGS
VALVES: Air valves or air relief valves, Reflux valves or check valves or non-return
valves or flap valves or foot valves, Safety valves or pressure relief valves, Sluice
valves or gate valves or stop valves, Scour valves or wash-out valves or blow-off
valves, Mixing valves — STOP COCKS — TAPS: Bib taps, Self-closing taps —
FIRE HYDRANTS — FITTINGS: Bends or elbows, Tees, Crosses, Wyes, Reducers,
Increasers, Flanges, Caps, Plugs, Back Nuts [Definitions, sketches & applications]
Planning and Design Considerations
Aim
The efficient disposal of foul and surface water from a building is of
great importance to public health and is an essential part of the
construction of the building. In designing a drainage system for an
individual building or a housing colony, the aim shall be to provide a
system of self-cleaning conduits for the conveyance of foul,
waste, surface or subsurface waters and for the removal of such wastes
speedily and efficiently to a sewer or other outlet without risk of
nuisance and hazard to health. Also, intent should be to take into
consideration that, waste water, storm water and solid waste are
potential resources. To achieve this aim, a drainage system shall
satisfy the following requirements:
a) Rapid and efficient removal of liquid wastes
without leakage;
b) Prevention of access of foul gases to the
building and provision for their escape from
the system.
c) Adequate and easy access for clearing
obstructions;
d) Prevention of undue external or internal
corrosion, or erosion of joints and protection
of materials of construction; and
The realization of an economical drainage system is added by compact
grouping of fitments in both horizontal and vertical directions. This
implies that if care is taken and ingenuity brought into play when
designing the original building or buildings to be
drained, it is possible to group the sanitary fittings and other equipment
requiring drainage; both in vertical and horizontal planes, as to simplify
the drainage system
and make it most economical.
3.1 PIPE MATERIALS
SUPPLY PIPES: Cast Iron, Steel, Reinforced concrete, Prestressed concrete, Galvanized
Mild Steel tubes, Copper, Brass, Wrought Iron, Asbestos Cement, Lead, Polythene,
Unplasticized PVC — DRAINAGE PIPES: Salt Glazed Stoneware, Cast Iron, Asbestos
Cement, Lead, Unplasticized PVC

Pipes are used for carrying gas, cold and hot water, and other liquids from one
place to another safely. Different types of pipes are used in different circumstances.
Pipes types are selected on the basis of work and suitability, and their prices are
also taken into account. For plumbing and water supply, some of the commonly
used and best pipes are as under:

1. Cast iron Pipe.

2. G.I Pipe.
3. Wrought Iron Pipe.
4. Steel Pipe.
5. Copper Pipe.
6. Plastic Pipe.
7. Asbestos Cement Pipe
8. Concrete Pipe.
9. Vitrified Clay Pipe.
1. Cast Iron Pipe:
Cast Iron pipe is widely used for city water distribution system because of its high
resistance to corrosion and consequent long life.
Cast iron pipe is made from pig iron. Such pipes are normally made from 5 cm to 120 cm
in diameter. Under normal conditions, a cast iron pipe can be expected to last 100 years.
The usual length of a pipe section is 12 ft, but lengths up to 20 ft can be obtained. Cast-
iron pipes are usually dipped in a bituminous compound for protection against corrosion
and to improve their hydraulic qualities; larger sizes may be provided with a lining
of cement mortar. A common joint for cast iron pipe is the bell and spigot. Cast iron pipes
are also cheap and economical. These pipes can be joined easily and can be cut and bored
easily too.They cannot bear pressure more than 7 kg per square centimetre: Following
joints are done in a cast iron pipe :- (i). Bell and Spigot Joint.
(ii). Hanged Joint.(iii). Expansion Joint.
2. Galvanized Iron Pipe (G.I).
G.I pipes are made of mild steel sheet. G.I pipe is used to supply water, gas or any other
liquid inside the building.
These types of pipes are available from 12 mm ( 0.5 inches) to 15 cm ( 6 inches) in
diameter and 6 meters ( 20 feet) length. The thickness of the wall of its sheet is different
according to their diameters. After preparing this pipe, it is dipped in zinc solution. This
action is known as Galvanizing. In this way, the pipe is saved from rusting. The average
age of this pipe is 10 years. They can be joined easily, cutting, threading, and bending them
is also an easy task. They are joined with the help of a socket. These pipes are light-
weighted and cheap. Acidic and alkaline waters affect these pipes badly.
3. Wrought Iron Pipe.
These types of pipes are like G. I. Pipes. They are also used to carry water, gas or certain
other liquid from one place to another.
The only difference between wrought iron pipe and G.I is that wrought iron pipes are
prepared by welding wrought iron sheet.
The weight of such pipe is less. Cutting, threading, and bending of this pipe is quite easy.
To join such pipes following joints are used: (i) Socket Joint(ii) Flanged Joint
(iii) Welded Joint
Wrought iron pipes are made from 12 mm(0.5 inches) to 15 cm (6 inches) in diameter.
4. Steel Pipe.
Steel pipes are used to carry water, gas or certain other liquid from one place to the other
under pressure. These pipes are made from steel sheets.
Small pipes have welded joint along the length which is not visible. Large pipes have
riveted joint or welded joint.
After making such pipes, they are dipped in Zinc solution. This action is called
Galvanizing and is used to prevent the pipe from rusting. The average age of such pipes
is from 25 years to 50 years. These pipes are light in weight. They are also joined by
Flanged Joint. Such pipes can be bent easily. Acidic water and alkaline water can rust
these pipes. Repair of this type of pipe is difficult. They can also be pressed by external
pressure due to their less wall thickness.
5. Copper Pipe.
Copper pipes are made of small diameter. Since copper does not admit rust, so these pipes
are durable. However, as copper is costly, therefore, they are used in limited places.
These types of pipes are generally used to carry hot water or steam. They do not bend or
sag even at high temperature. Copper is a mild metal. Therefore, copper pipes can be bent
easily. They are joined by Flanged Joint and Union Joints.
6. Plastic Pipe.
These pipes – which includes rubber and P. V. C. pipes – are used for the supply of water,
acidic water, and alkaline water. Hot water should not be carried out.
These pipes are joined using a thread joint or socket is joined with a solution. Such pipes
are not rusted. They are light in weight. Cutting, bending, and jointing are easy for these
pipes. These types of pipes have good resistance against electric current. They become
useless on increasing temperature. They also become useless on being tempered by nail,
etc.
7. Asbestos Cement Pipe.
The asbestos pipe is made from asbestos, silica, and cement converted under pressure to a
dense, homogeneous material possessing considerable strength.
The asbestos fibre is thoroughly mixed with the cement and serves as reinforcement.
This type of pipe is available in diameters of from 4 to 36 inches and in 13-ft
lengths. The pipe is made in various grades, the strongest being intended for internal
pressures up to 200 psi. An asbestos-cement pipe is light in weight and can be assembled
without skilled labour. It can be joined to cast-iron pipe with lead or sulphur-base
compounds.
It is easily cut and can be tapped and threaded for service connections. The hydraulic
efficiency of an asbestos pipe is high. The pipe is easily damaged by excavating tools and
does not have much strength in bending. They are used to carry water under low pressure.
These pipes are soft from the inside. That is why their performance is better. They are not
rusted and are cheap as well.
8. Concrete Pipe.
The Pre-cast Concrete pipe is available in sizes up to 72 inches diameter, and sizes up to
180 inches have been made on special order. Precast Concrete pipes are reinforced except
in sizes under 24 inches diameter. The precast concrete pipe is usually made by rotating the
form rapidly about the pipe axis. For low heads, the concrete pipe is usually joined with a
mortar caulked bell-and-spigot joint, but for high pressures, the lock joint or some other
special joint is required.
Because of the better control in its manufacture, a pre-cast concrete pipe is usually of higher
quality and not need to be so thick as a cast-in-place pipe of the same size. A concrete pipe
should last at least 35 to 50 years under average conditions. Alkaline water may cause rapid
deterioration of thin concrete sections. Plain concrete pipes are made for low pressure, and
R. C. C. ( Reinforced Cement Concrete) pipes are made for high pressure. Less expenditure
is required for their maintenance. Rust does not affect these pipes, and they can be made at
will. Such pipes are heavy. So, their transportation is difficult. It is also difficult to repair
them.
(9) Vitrified Clay Pipe. Vitrified clay pipe (VCP) is pipe made from a blend of clay and shale that has
been subjected to high temperature to achieve verifications, which results in a hard, inert ceramic.
Vitrified Clay Pipe is not often used as pressure pipe, but is widely used in sewerage and drainage for
flow at partial depth. The main advantage of vitrified clay pipe is that it is virtually corrosion-free, has a
long life, and its smooth surface provides high hydraulic efficiency. Use of vitrified clay pipe under
pressure is usually prevented by its low strength in tension and the difficulty of securing watertight
joints.
The most common joint for vitrified clay pipe is the bell-and-spigot flexible compression joint in which
precision mated surfaces are in tight contact with one another. Vitrified Clay pipe is most commonly
made of 3-ft lengths, but 2, 2.5, and 4-ft lengths can be obtained.
Inside diameters vary by 2 inches to 12 inches.
DRAINAGE PIPES: Following pipe materials are used
as drainage pipe for carrying waste from building to
disposal ground in plumbing system.
(a) Salt Glazed Stoneware
(b) Cast Iron pipe
(c) Asbestos Cement pipe
(d) Lead pipe
(e) Unplasticized PVC pipe

(f) Salt Glazed Stoneware:- The sewers which are

prepared from various clay and shale and are salt
glazed are called glazed stoneware pipes. In order to
make water tight joint, the surface of exterior end
(spigot end) and inner surface of socket end are not
glazed. They are used for house drainage connections.
These pipes resist corrosion caused by the sewage and
they are strong enough to resist the traffic, cheap and
durable but these pipes are liable to damage during
handling and they are not strong enough to allow the
flow of sewage under high pressure. Size: 700 mm
(30 inch),Length: 60 cm (2 feet)
For all sewers and drains in all soils, except where supports are required
as in made-up ground, glazed stoneware pipe shall be used as far as
possible in preference to other types of pipes. These pipes are
particularly suitable where acid effluents or acid subsoil conditions are
likely to be encountered. Salt glazed stoneware pipes shall conform to
accepted standards
(b) Cast Iron pipe:-
Cast iron pipes are used to be a common piping material
for drainage systems. Cast iron is extremely strong,
durable and heavy. Cast iron also reduces sound and is
heat-resistant. Despite the advantages of strength and
durability. They do not react
with most chemicals and won’t melt or burn even in
extreme conditions. They have a long lifespan which
minimizes the need for replacements and repairs. Cast
iron pipe fittings are very well constructed and as such
.
have fantastic sound-proofing qualities when compared
to other materials. There is minimal noise and vibration
between the fittings and the pipes which can be a great
benefit. There is a wide range of joining methods
available for the fittings and that also allows for simple
and efficient installation in all situations. The final
advantage to choosing cast iron pipe fittings is that they
are cheap to install in comparison to other materials.
A big disadvantage of cast iron is that it is susceptible to
rust over time. Cast iron pipes come in various sizes, with
the smallest usually being four inches.
c)Asbestos Cement pipe
Asbestos cement (AC) piping has been used for
potable water, irrigation, drainage and sewer
systems for approximately 100 years.
(d) Lead pipe

A pipe made of lead which is called lead pipe. This pipe is used as
drainage pipe within building premises. Lead Pipe (Seamless) is made
from Pure Lead Metal (99.97% min.) or Lead Alloys, which is readily
fabricated by extrusion. standard sizes are min 10mm ID and max
200mm ID.
(e)Unplasticized PVC pipe

HDPE pipe is a type of flexible plastic pipe used for fluid and gas
transfer and is often used to replace ageing concrete or steel mains
pipelines. Made from the thermoplastic HDPE (high-
density polyethylene), its high level of impermeability and strong
molecular bond make it suitable for high pressure pipelines.
Unplasticised PVC is also known as rigid PVC. PVC-U is the most common
PVC type for pipes and fittings including transportation of
drinking water, soil and waste, sewage and underground drainage and
gle Piece Length: 3 meter, 6 meter, Size/Diameter: 110 mm, 160 mm, 200 mm
industrial applications.
The advantages of using plastic pipes are:
• They are economically preferable over GI pipes.
• Plastic pipes are resistant to corrosion.
• Since they are not prone to corrosion, they also do not require painting.
• Plastic is known to be a bad conductor of heat and thus does not require
any heat conservation insulation.
• Quick fabrication is possible in plastic pipes which is not possible in
metallic pipes. While metallic pipes require proper welding, plastic pipes
can be fabricated in a few minutes using an appropriate adhesive.
PVC and CPVC
PVC and CPVC are non-metallic pipes, made from thermoplastic materials.
This clearly means that they are resistant to any chemical attack and
have similar other advantages over metallic pipes. But they do come with
their share of limitations.
These are regarded as plastic pipe works, and both fittings and pipes are
available in these materials. Due to its long-term strength characteristics,
high stiffness and cost effectiveness, UPVC systems account for a large
proportion of plastic piping installations. Types of Pipes:
Type A — for use in ventilation pipe work and rain water and rain water
harvesting applications.
Type B — for use in soil and waste discharge systems
Size designation: Nominal outside diameter DN of pipes are 40, 50, 63,
75, 90, 110, 125, 140, 160, 180, 200, 250 and 315 mm.
 3.2 JOINTING OF PIPES
Names of different type of joints for different pipe materials with detail reference to
SPIGOT & SOCKET JOINTS, FLANGED JOINTS AND CEMENT MORTAR JOINTS —
LAGGING OF PIPES
Joints are essential for joining various pieces of pipes in order to make one continuous
length of pipe line. The design of joint depend on the pipe material and internal pressure.
Different types of joints are as follows.
Sl no Name of joint Name of pipe
1 Bell (Socket) & Spigot Joint Cast iron pipes
2 Flanged joint Cast iron & steel pipes
3 Expansion joint For exposed pipes
4 Joint between Hume pipes Hume pipe
5 Joint for AC pipe AC coupling joint.
6 Screw & socket joint Wrought iron, Cast iron & GI pipe
7 Collar joint When end of concrete pipe of same diameter
8 Bandage joint Concrete pipe
9 Flush joint Sewer below culvert
10 Mechanical joint Cast iron & steel pipe
SPIGOT & SOCKET JOINTS:-This joint is mostly provided for cast iron pipes. It consist
of a smaller diameter spigot end fitted into larger diameter bell (socket) end. The spigot end
is first wrapped with hemp yarn of sufficient thickness. It is then inserted into a bell. The
remaining space between spigot and bell is filled with molten lead to make the joint water
tight.
FLANGED JOINTS :-This joint is used for cast iron pipe and steel pipe. Such joint is
preferred when there is high water pressure inside the pipe. In this case the pipes are
provided with flanges with provision for bolts. The flanges are bolted together after putting
rubber gasket between them to make it water tight. This type of joint is not suitable at those
places where it has to bear deflection of popes or vibration.
 CEMENT MORTAR JOINTS
The joints where cement mortar is used for sealing the joint is called cement mortar joint.
The jointing of concrete pipes is carried out by two methods, namely, rigid and flexible.
1. Rigid Spigot and Socket Joint
This is a commonly preferred type of joints in the
concrete pipes, as this is easy to install. The spigot of the
pipe is slipped inside the socket of the previously laid
pipe and adjusted in the correct position, as shown in
figure 2. The joint shall be filled with a 1:2 cement
mortar mixture of stiff consistency, which shall be
rammed with a caulking tool. The excess cement mortar
shall be removed, and the joint shall be cured.
2. Rigid Collar Joint
The rigid collar joint is made by joining two adjacent
pipes with butt to butt position and adjusted in the
correct position, as shown in figure 3. A collar is used
to cover the joint equally on both pipes. The void
space in between the pipe and collar shall be fixed
with a 1:2 cement mortar and rammed with a caulking
tool. The excess cement mortar shall be removed, and
the joint shall be cured.
3. Semi-Flexible Spigot and Socket Joint
The mechanism involved in the joining of pipes
is the same as that of rigid spigot and socket
joint. The difference is that a rubber ring is
placed on the spigot, which shall be slipped
into the socket of the adjacent pipe, as shown
in figure 4. The remaining gap is filled with a
stiff mixture of cement mortar 1:2 and rammed
with a caulking tool.

4. Semi-Flexible Collar Joint

The ends of both pipes are fitted with a rubber
ring, which is further compressed in between
the spigot and the collar which seals the joint,
as shown in figure 5. The remaining gap is
filled with a stiff mixture of cement mortar 1:2
and rammed with a caulking tool.
 LAGGING OF PIPES
Lagging is insulation for pipes. It helps to keep hot water hot, and to reduce the noise from
your pipes. ... Pipe lagging is another name for pipe insulation. It's generally used to help
conserve heat in pipes, to prevent condensation, or to reduce the noise that comes out
of pipes.
The first and most obvious reason to get pipes lagged – especially for pipes that carry
water in the cold winter months – is to prevent freezing. Insulation can also control
condensation on the pipe surface.
 Moisture contributes to corrosion which can eat away at the pipe so its prevention is
important. Insulation that incorporates a water-vapour barrier will stop water vapour from
passing through the insulation to form on the surface of the pipe.
A third important reason to insulate is safety – to protect people against extreme hot or
cold. If the pipe work is operating at exceptionally high or low temperatures and someone
comes into physical contact with the pipe surface, injuries can easily occur. Pipe
insulation can ensure that surface touch temperatures remain within a safe range.
Fourthly, pipe insulation can provide significant energy savings by preventing heat (or
cold) loss over longer distances by introducing thermal resistance and reducing heat flow
from the pipe to the outside air.
Related to energy saving, a fifth reason for insulation is economy. A well-insulated pipe
work system will help cut running costs and save on maintenance.
Finally, temperature control is not the only reason to fit pipe insulation. It can also help
limit unwanted noise.
 Pipe work can operate as a conduit for sounds to travel from one part of a building to
another. Acoustic insulation can prevent this by ‘dampening’ the pipe wall wherever the pipe
passes through a fixed wall or floor and wherever the pipe is mechanically fixed.
Of course, the effectiveness of insulation and lagging will depend on the quality of its
installation.
Pipe lagging is made from many different types of materials like
Flexible elastometric foams, Rigid foam, Polyethylene, Glass wool and Mineral wool.
3.3 VALVES, COCKS, TAPS, FIRE HYDRANTS & OTHER FITTINGS
VALVES: Air valves or air relief valves, Reflux valves or check valves or non-return valves
or flap valves or foot valves, Safety valves or pressure relief valves, Sluice valves or gate
valves or stop valves, Scour valves or wash-out valves or blow-off valves, Mixing valves —
STOP COCKS — TAPS: Bib taps, Self-closing taps — FIRE HYDRANTS — FITTINGS:
Bends or elbows, Tees, Crosses, Wyes, Reducers, Increasers, Flanges, Caps, Plugs, Back
Nuts [Definitions, sketches & applications]

VALVES :-A valve is a device that regulates, controls, or directs the flow of a fluid by
opening, closing, or partially obstructing fluid flow. A valve is a mechanical device that
controls the flow and pressure of fluid within a system or process. So basically, it controls
flow & pressure of water flowing inside the pipe. There are different types of valves as
following- (1) Air relief Valve
(2) Reflux valve/check valve/Non return valve/flap valve/foot valve
(3) Safety valve/Pressure relief valve
(4) Sluice valve/Gate valve/Stop valve
(5) Scour valves / wash-out valves / blow-off valves
(6) Mixing valves
Air release valves are installed at the highest points in a pipeline
where air naturally collects. Air bubbles enter the valve and displace the liquid inside,
lowering the liquid level. When the level drops to where it no longer buoys the float, the
float drops. Air valves are hydro mechanical devices designed to automatically release air
and wastewater gases or admit air during the filling, draining or operation of liquid piping
systems for water and wastewater services. Relief valves provide overpressure protection
for semiconductor gas systems. Most relief valves have a poppet valve seat that is backed
by a spring that opposes the gas pressure. When overpressure occurs the spring force is
overcome and the excess pressure is vented.
A gate valve is the most common type of valve in any process plant. It is a linear motion
valve used to start or stop fluid flow. In service, these valves are either in a fully open or
fully closed position. Gate valves are used in almost all fluid services such as air, fuel gas,
feed water, steam, lube oil, hydrocarbon, and all most any services. The gate valve
provides a good shutoff.
The check valve prevents backflow in the piping system. The pressure of the fluid passing
through a pipeline opens the valve, while any reversal of flow will close the valve. Reflux
valve is commonly known as Check valve and Non Return Valve (NRV). Water tends to flow
from higher pressure to lower pressure. Mains pressure is kept higher to suffice water
distribution in a house. Sometimes mains pressure is reduced due to need of water in fire
fighting. When this happen water from house distribution tends to flow towards the mains. To
stop this return flow towards the mains check valve is installed.
Check valves are installed at the connection of home sewer line to the city sewer line. When
city sewer lines are filled to capacity, water from city sewer line tends to flow towards home
sewer lines. Check valves functions here to stop this backflow of city sewer to home sewer
lines. Check valves directs/regulates the flow strictly in one direction only i.e. never in
opposite direction even during pressure drop. The valve stops/check the flow in reverse
direction.
It is operated by pressure alone, having no external means of control. The flow of water is
controlled by means of a disc rising and falling onto a seat with the pressure (lift check).
The return of the disc may sometimes be aided by a spring (spring-loaded check). The flow
of water may also be controlled by means of a flap swinging up and down with pressure
onto a seat (swing check). In order to avoid the pressure loss in the line, generally larger
size of valve is selected. Mostly check valve is provided on downstream side of pumps. So
that check valves would not prevent water hammer in the pipeline. They just prevent return
flow through the pump and avoid water hammer pressure reaching the pumps. Normally a
check valve installed will not reduce water hammer pressure, although it may limit the
lateral extent of the shock.
A pressure Relief valve or pressure safety
valve are used to protect equipment or piping
system during an overpressure event or in the
event of vacuum. This valve releases the
pressure or vacuum at a pre-defined set
pressure. Relief valves are spring loaded
pressure relief devices. At the set pressure,
the inlet pressure force
overcomes the spring force and the valve
disk begins to lift off the seat. As inlet
pressure increases, the lift of the disk
increases proportionally to allow an increase
in the flow. The closing pressure is less than
the set pressure and shall be reached after the
blow down phase is complete. These devices
are used primarily for liquid service
(incompressible fluids) and open in
proportion to increasing pressure over
opening pressure. Relief capacities are
usually rated at 10 or 25 percent
overpressure, depending on the application.
The valve simply uses spring pressure against a diaphragm
to open the valve. On the bottom of the diaphragm, the
outlet pressure of the valve forces the diaphragm upward to
shut the valve. When the outlet pressure drops below the
set point of the valve, the spring pressure overcomes the
outlet pressure and forces the valve stem downward,
opening the valve. As the outlet pressure increases,
approaching the desired pressure, the pressure under the
diaphragm begins to overcome spring pressure, forcing the
valve stem upward and closing the valve. You can adjust
the downstream pressure by turning the adjusting screw,
which varies the spring pressure against the diaphragm.
 (4) Sluice valve/Gate valve/Stop valve
In a house, gate valve (stop cock/valve) is installed at the connection of mains with the
branch line. It functions to start/stop water supply into a house. On opening of gate valve,
water enters into house.
In case of direct water supply system, gate valve is kept open so that water flow is
available 24×7. It has to be turned off in case of repair maintenance of pipe work or
plumbing accessories.
In case of indirect water supply system, gate valve is turned on to fill water storage tank.
Once the tank is filled gate valve is turned off.
Gate valve is opened by lifting gate/wedge from the flow of water, allowing all water to
pass without resistance.
Top end of stem (connecting rod/shaft) has hand wheel or motor to lift and drop the gate,
and its bottom end has a gate of circular or wedge shaped to block the flow of water.
It has a threaded stem; hence the valve has to turn multiple times in order to go from open
to closed position and vice versa preventing water hammer effects.
Opening and closing of gate valve is perpendicular to line of flow i.e for
a horizontal running pipeline stem is vertical and for vertical running
pipeline stem is horizontal. Hence, they cannot be used to control flow
of water or water pressure as it will cause wear and tear of gate.
The size of sluice valve is generally the same as the size of the main up
to 300-mm diameter.
The direction of opening of a valve may be clockwise or counter
clockwise and marked on the outer end of the spindle.
(5) Scour valves / wash-out valves / blow-off valves
Drain Valve is also called as Blow –off Valve and Scour Valve. These are
ordinary valves but used for a specific purpose of scouring or emptying
or cleaning the main and water storage tank. The drain valve is
provided at the lowest point of the section of the pipeline to be drained
and at all dead ends of the distribution system. The size of drain valve
is generally half the size of the main pipeline. The drain valves
generally discharge into natural course. Scour valves are located at low
points or between valved sections of the pipeline. Their function is to
allow periodic flushing of the lines to remove sediment and to allow the
line to be drained for maintenance and repair work.
The scour valve should be sized to allow a minimum scour velocity of
0.6 m/s to be achieved in the main pipe. Scour tees over nominal size
100 should be offset tees to allow the debris to be taken from the invert
of the pipe. In the absence of specific design criteria, the following sizes
are generally acceptable.
 (6) Mixing valves
Mixing valves are designed to blend hot water with cold water to ensure a constant, safe
outlet temperature preventing scaling. These are used with central heating systems that use
water as a medium. These provide a uniform distribution temperature for all hot water
outlets in a household.
 STOP COCKS — TAPS: Bib taps, Self-closing taps

A stopcock is a form of valve used to control the flow of a liquid or gas.

Stopcocks are used to grossly regulate the flow of tap water in residential
and commercial services.
 TAPS: Bib taps, Self-closing taps

Bib taps :-A tap with a horizontal inlet and a nozzle arrange discharge in a downward
direction. The nominal sizes of bib taps shall be 8, 10, 15,20 and 25 mm.Whenever water is
desired the handle is turned to lift the washer. In bathroom it should be fixed at 75cm from the
floor level. It is made of brass, steel and plastic.
 Self-closing taps
Self-closing taps are designed to automatically shut off the flow of water after a pre-set time,
ensuring both water and energy savings in the premises in which they are installed.
In public facilities, the installation of self-closing taps is a compulsory requirement and
mechanical self-closing taps are certainly the least expensive option for lower budgets.

A self-closing tap is a draw-off tap which remains in the open position so long as a lever
handle is kept pressed up, down or sideways, or a pushbutton is kept pressed in, and closes
by itself or when the button or the lever handle is released; the self-closing taps may
incorporate a device which closes the tap even without the release of the button or the
handle after a fixed quantity is discharged. Self-closing taps shall be of the following
nominal sizes: a) 15 mm, and b) 20 mm.

Operation - The opening of the tap shall be performed by hand pressing of the handle up or
down or turning sideways or by pressing in of the pushbutton, and the tap shall close when
the handle or pushbutton is released. The force required for operating the self-closing tap
for its full opening shall not exceed 70 N.
Self-closing taps
 FIRE HYDRANTS
A fire hydrant or fire cock is a connection point from the water main or water distribution
system (at least 15cm diameter) by which fire-fighters can tap water for fire fighting during
out break of fire. These are provided at all street crossings and turnings and at least at a
distance of 150-300m so that the nearest fire hydrant shall not be more than 75m away in
case of fire. The hydrants have 10cm connection to connect the fire engine and 6.25cm
connection for hose outlet. The available water pressure at fire hydrants should be 0.7-
1.4kg/sqcm with pumping engine. Hydrants can be above or below ground. The hydrant
which is above ground is called post hydrant and which is below ground is called flush
hydrant. Fire hydrants are usually painted a colour, such as bright red or yellow, which helps
fire fighters to find them easily in case of an emergency.
Fire hydrants consist of a barrel of cast iron
with connection to street main. It has a
valve system which can be turned by a
handle provided at the top. The water can
be taken out and stopped by turning the
handle in clock wise and anti clock wise.
The hydrant has two 6.25 cm dia hose
outlet for connecting the hose pipes and
one 10cm dia pump outlet for connecting
fire engine.
The flush hydrant is installed in an
underground brick chamber flush with the
footpath. It is covered from the top by cast
iron cover. To locate the position of this fire
hydrant in darkness some distinct signage
is provided near it at the side of the road
with letter F.H. written on it.
Flush hydrant
FITTINGS: Bends or elbows, Tees, Crosses, Wyes, Reducers, Increasers, Flanges, Caps,
Plugs, Back Nuts [Definitions, sketches & applications]
Pipe fittings, also known as pipe connectors, attach one pipe to another in order to lengthen the run or
change the flow direction in a plumbing system. These are used to combine, divert or reduce the flow
of the water supply, and they come in a variety of sizes to fit the pipe they will connect.

Tee & Wye Fittings – Tees and wyes

are used to connect three pieces of
pipe. Tees can have one inlet and two
outlets at 90-degree angles in the
shape of a “T” and are used to split a
supply line, or they can combine two
lines into one outlet. You often see tee
fittings connected to potable water Wye
supply lines. A wye is shaped like a
“Y” with the two inlets coming
together at roughly 45-degrees into a
single outlet in drain applications.
Sanitary wyes allow wastewater to
enter a drain pipe from the side, while
the second part of the “Y” aligns with
the pipe to allow sewer gases to vent
upward.
Tee
Cross Fittings – Crosses have
four openings for pipes – one Cross
inlet and three outlets or three
inlets and one outlet depending
on the need. These four-way
fittings are less common and
used in some irrigation and
sprinkler applications.

Elbow Fittings – Elbows Elbow

change the direction of flow
between two pipes. Common
elbows have 90-, 60-, 45-
and 22 ½-degree bends and
are used to make a turn.
They can be joined together
to move around obstructions
in the pipe run.
Reducers:- Reducer is a pipe fitting component which reduces the flow
size from larger to smaller by reducing size of pipe.

Increasers:- Increaser is a pipe fitting component which increases the

flow size from smaller to larger by increasing size of pipe.
 Flange Fittings – A flange is a flat, round fitting that creates a tight seal with bolts or
clamps. They are used when pipes pass through walls, ceilings and floors. The most
common flange for DIY plumbers is the closet flange, or toilet flange. This is what secures
a toilet to the floor and also connects the toilet drain to the drain pipe.

Cap Fittings – A cap fits over the end of a pipe to stop the flow of water
or gas. These fittings can be used for the permanent termination point of a
pipe or used temporarily to cut off supply during a plumbing project.
Plug Fittings – Plugs used at the end of a pipe to seal the opening, similar to a cap. The
difference is that a plug fits into the threaded pipe opening to make the seal while caps fit
over the opening. They are commonly found at cleanout locations for sewer systems.

Back Nuts:- A threaded nut, one side of which is dished to retain a grommet;
used in forming a watertight pipe joint. A locking nut on the
shank of a pipe fitting, tap, or valve.
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