PHARMACEUTICS-1

PHYSICAL
PHARMACY
AMNA SALEEM
contents
•History and literature of pharmacy
•Prehistoric pharmacy
•Tribal healers or shamans
•Magical potions
•Supernatural things
•Antiquity
•Egyptian period
contents
• Payri document
• Babylonians
• Asipu
• Asu
• Greek period
• Pharmakon
• Magic spells
• Poisons
• Hippocrates
contents
• Material medica
• Gelan
• Arab period
• Teaching of Muhammad
• Rhazes
• Avicenna
• Silvering and gilding of pills
• Use of syrups
• Roman period: Healing saints, Monasteries
History and literature of pharmacy

•Disease is not an old as life itself as evidence exist that it

can be traced back to around 350 million – 280 million
years (Carboniferous Period). It has been desire of
mankind since times immemorial to be healthy and cure
sickness and disease. The quest for health has paved way
for stimulating the element of search for cure. Pharmacy
is the art of healing and treatment exists from the time
illness was recognized.
 Before The Dawn of History:

•From beginnings as remote and simple as these came the proud

profession of pharmacy. It’s development parallels that of man.
•Among the several characteristics unique to Homo Sapiens is our
propensity to treat ailments, physical and mental with medicines.
•Ancient man learned from instinct, from observation of birds and
beasts. Cool water, a leaf, dirt or mud was his first soothing
application.
•By trial, he learned which served him best. Eventually he applied
his knowledge for the benefit of others.
Prehistoric pharmacy

•Since humanity’s earliest past, pharmacy has been a part

of every day life. Excavations of some mankind’s oldest
settlement , such as Shanidar (30,000BCE) support the
contention that prehistoric people gathered plants for
medicinal purposes. By trial and error, the folk
knowledge of healing properties of certain natural
substances grew.
Pharmacy Roots:

• The study of pharmacy can be tracked back to 700 years.

• It was evolved between stone age and down of history
(Proto History) systems existed that were later discovered by
Archeologists.
• Peasant civilizations (5000 B.C.) – excavations in Tigris and
Euphrates valley.
• Around 2000 B.C. some documents of Assyrio were revealed.
• This art has evolved over centuries. It passes through
religion, magic, incantation and now it is evolved highly
special profession of Pharmacy.
Eras in History of Pharmacy:

1. Ancient Era - Beginning of time to 1600

A.D.
2. Empiric Era - 1600 to 1940 A.D.
3. Industrialization Era - 1940 to 1970 A.D.
4. Patient Care Era - 1970 to Present
5. Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering
 ANCIENT ERA:

• Itstarted from beginning of time to 1600 A.D.

• Early man used material in his surroundings; leaves, mud and cool water
were used to stop bleeding and heal wounds.
• Dry clay was used to splint broken bones.
• They copied animal behavior.
• The signs of pre-historic and primitive times diseases exist as it is evident
from:
• Skeletonwith deformed joints
• Tumors in dinosaurs
• Exhumed bones indicated performance of operation after injury
DOCUMENTATION:

• At some point man began to document healing practices on clay

tablets 2600 B.C.
• One of the earliest known records written around 1500 B.C. was
the Ebers Papyrus named by George Ebers.
EGYPTIAN TIMES:

•When organized settlements aroused in the great fertile

valley of Nile and the Indus River, changes occurred
that gradually influenced the concepts of disease and
healing.
 BABYLONIANS:
• They were 5th millennium BC peasants and they were the civilization of
Western Asia. Excavations of Tigris and Euphrates valleys revealed Medical
tablets originating from 3000 B.C. to 2000 B.C. Babylonians had a detailed
medical system and used a pharmacopoeia containing 250 plants, sulphur,
animal products like cow or goat milk, honey, wax, lion fat, castor oil etc. For
the Babylonians, medical care was provided by two classes of practioners:
• The asipu (magical healer)
• The asipu relied more heavily on spells and magical stones far more than plant materials.
• The asu (empirical healer)
• The asu drew upon a large collection of drugs and manipulated them into several dosage forms that are
still basic today such as suppositories, pills and ointments.

• The asipu and asu were not in direct competition and sometimes cooperated on
difficult cases.
 DAYS OF PAPYRUS EBERS:

•Though Egyptian medicine dates from about 2900 B.C, best

known and most important Pharmaceutical record is the “Papyrus
Ebers” (1600 B.C), a collection of 800 prescriptions mentioning
700 drugs. The drugs are chiefly botanical although mineral and
animal drugs are also noted.
•Such botanical substances as acacia, castor bean and fennel are
mentioned along with apparent references to such minerals as iron
oxide, sodium carbonate, sodium chloride and sulfur.
 GREEK CIVILIZATION:

•During the millennium that followed the roots of modern medical

profession in the west arouse from Greek civilization.
•Around 600 B.C. the Greeks integrated science into mythological
thinking.
•They began thinking logically about disease rather than believing
spiritual explanation.
•The Romans conquered the Greeks and the medical and
pharmaceutical cultures mixed, it is known as Greco-Roman Era.
 GREECE AND ROMAN ERA:

• The poems of Homer (Great poet of ancient Greece – 8th century B.C.) and mythological
tales provide information on the existence of the art of pharmacy.
• Bitter root powder used to treat heal wounds.
• Use of sulphur as disinfectant.
• Peony is attributed to Paion, doctor to the Gods.
• Hyoscyamus albus or Heraklion are medical plants, named after Hercules.
• Chiron organized the cultivation of plants.
• Around 5th century B.C. – Asclepius, the king of Thessaly and God of medicine, treated
patients with
• herbs. In this temple, medicine was practiced by priests.
• More than 40 medical books exist in the name of Hippocrates (460 B.C.) who is
considered father of medicines. He used simple remedies consisting of barley, honey,
vinegar, anethole, corrdiander, colocynth, fennel etc.
 GREECE AND ROMAN ERA:

• Diocles, son of Archidamos wrote an herbalist manual “Rhizotomikon”

which contains prescriptions made from plants like fenugreek, linseed and
honey.
• Existence of plants in Greek therapeutics is documented in:
• De Historia Plantanum and Dr Causis Plamtanum by Theophrastus (340 B.C.). He
wrote 200 books, from which 20 are available 9 on history of plants and 6 on their
growth.
• De Materia Media of Dioscorides (78 A.D.) which contains 500 medicinal plants.
• Natural history by Pliny (60 A.D.), a compilation of 1000 plants from the Roman
times.
Roman Pharmacy Titles:

• PHARMACOPOEIA - Maker of remedies

• PHARMACOTRITAE - Drug grinder
• UNGUENTARI - Maker of ointments
• PIGMENTARI - Maker of cosmetics
• PHARMACOPOLAE - Seller of drugs

AROMATARII - Dealers of spices

 ASKLEPIOUS (GOD OF HEALING):
• Beginning in the 7th century BC, the wise and kind Asklepios
gradually superseded Apollo as the greatest of the healing gods.
• At the touch of his hands or of the tongue of his sacred serpent,
miraculous things happened.
• The staff of Asklepios entwined by a Sacred serpent gradually
emerged as the official symbol of medicine around the world.
• On the right hand of Asklepious stood Hygeia, one of his daughter.
• Her arm entwined by a serpent and holding a bowl thought to have
contained a healing poison.
• And in the earliest records one finds a similar mixed concept of drug
or Pharmakon, a Greek word that meant “magic spells’’ or “poison”.
 HIPPOCRATES:
•From another period in Greek history the greatest name That is still
with us today is that of Physician Hippocrates known as the “father
of medicine”.
•He is one of the most important name in the development of
Pharmacy as a profession based on scientific knowledge rather
than a mixture of medicine and spiritual acts.
•During this period the word Pharmakon came to mean “a
purifying remedy”.
•He mentioned around 200 – 400 drugs as well as methods of
carrying out various Pharmaceutical processes.
 DIOSCORIDES:
•He was a Greek Physician and botanist (first century A.D). He was the
first scientist to deal botany as an applied science of Pharmacy.
•His work “De Materia Medica”, is considered a milestone in the
development of Pharmaceutical botany and in the study of naturally
occurring medicinal materials. This area of study is today known as
“Pharmacognosy”.
•He explained methods of preparing crude drugs from opium and many
other botanical drugs. He developed the art of identification, collection,
purification and proper storage of botanical drugs.
 CLAUDIUS GALEN:
• He was a renowned Greek Pharmacist and Physician. He practiced and
taught both medicine and pharmacy in Rome, his Principles of Preparing and
compounding medicines ruled in the western world for 1500 years.
• He aimed to create a perfect system of Physiology, Pathology and treatment
of illness.
• He wrote 500 books on medicine including numerous drugs of natural origin,
formulae and methods of compounding.
• It was his tremendous work in the field of crude natural origin drugs that still
today his name is associated with that class of pharmaceuticals compounded
by mechanical means – “Galenical Preparations”.
• The most famous of his formulas is one for a cold cream called Galen’s
cerate, essentially similar to that known today.
 PERSIA:

•Persia, at crossroads between East and West, was the cradle of

very old and brilliant civilization.
•Their knowledge of plants and phototherapy still reflects in the
Greco-Arab therapeutics.
•Ancient Iranian therapeutics available in their holybook, “Avesta”
(700 B.C.) is based on medicinal plants, surgery and magic.
•Avesta’s 9th century compilation the “Denkart” contains a chapter
on 4333 diseases caused by evil spirit. Cure is 70 categories of
remedies, all from plants.
 MIDDLE AGES:
• With the advent of Christianity, the healing temples of Asklepios eventually
fell into disease. During the medieval millennium, however, religious
medicines within Christian concepts gave the healing power of faith and
divine intervention new scope.
•LATIN ERA:
• Asa guide to preparing compound drugs, two traditional types of Latin
compilations, which evolved into modern counterparts, were “Receptaria”
(more modest formularies) and the “Antidotria” (similar to dispensatories). It
was a particular literature for both medicine and pharmacy, copied by scribes
who added, omitted and revised to suit local needs.
ARABIAN INFLUENCE:

•For pharmacy, the Arabic influence was important also

because we can discern the rise of the qualified
pharmacist (al-Saidalani) as a separate functionary,
beginning around Baghdad (729 A.D.) They also had
different drug forms which are now used such as syrups,
conserves, confections and juleps. Hospitals, however,
were being secularized under municipal authority by the
13th century.
 THE RENAISSANCE:
• It lasts from 1350 to 1650 A.D.
• It is the end of ancient era and middle ages.
• Pharmacy became separated from medicine.
• Pharmacy regulations was begun.
• University education for pharmacists was now required.
• More and new drugs were imported from orient.
• New chemicals were introduced.
• Pharmacy achieved professional status.
• Guilds were formed for the profession of pharmacy.
 SAINTS COSMAS AND DAMIAN:

•Twinship of health professions, Pharmacy and medicine is nowhere

more strikingly portrayed than by:
• Damian, the apothecary and
• Cosmas, the Physician

•Theywere the twin brothers of Arabian descent. Their twin careers

were cut short in the year 303 by martyrdom.
•They were the pattern saints of Pharmacy and medicine and many
miracles are attributed to them
 FREDERICK-II - SEPARATION OF PHARMACY
AND MEDICINE:

• InEuropean countries exposed to Arabian Influence, public pharmacies began

to Appear in the 17th century.
• However, it was not until about 1240 A.D. That, in southern Italy, Pharmacy
was separated from Medicine.
• FrederickII, was Emperor of Germany. At his palace, he presented subject
Pharmacists with the first European edict completely separating their
responsibilities from those of Medicine, and prescribing regulations for their
professional practice
PARACELSUS - BORNBASTUS VON
HOHENHEIM (1493-1541):

•Perhaps no person in history exercised such a

revolutionary influence on Pharmacy and Medicine as did
Aureolus Theophrastus. Bornbastus Von Hohenheim
(1493-1541), A Swiss Physician and chemist who called
himself Paracelsus. He influenced the transformation of
Pharmacy from a profession based primarily on botanical
science to one based on chemical science.
 PARACELSUS - BORNBASTUS VON
HOHENHEIM (1493-1541):
• EDWARD JENNER:
• Remarkable advance in medicine and Pharmacy took place in the year 1796 when Edward
Jenner performed the first vaccination on a human patient.
• FRIEDRICK SERTURNER:
• He was a German Pharmacist and isolated Morphine from opium.
• JOSEPH PELLETIER & JOSEPH CAVENTOU:
• They were French and isolated several alkaloids like strychnine and brucine from Nux
vomica and quinine and cinchonine from cinchona. Pelletier together with Pierre Robiquet
isolated caffeine and Robiquet independently separated codeine from opium
 MODERN EUROPE:
• A movement in Western Europe that aimed at reforming some doctrines and practices of the Roman Catholic
Church that resulted in the establishment of the Protestant Churches.
• Medicine, like art before 1600, was essentially integrated into religion.
• At the beginning of 17th century, medical practice was divided into three phases.
• The Physician
• The Surgeons
• The Apothecaries (Drug sellers)
• A medical reform movement was started in Europe as a reaction against heroic medicine.
• Pharmacopoeias were used to protect public health.
• Roots, barks, herbs, flowers etc. were used and controlled by government.
• The questioned the toxological effects on human body.
• In 1751, Benjamin Franklin started the FIRST HOSPITAL.
• The first hospital pharmacist to work in that hospital was Jonathan Roberts.
• William Proctor was the father of American Pharmacy who spent most of his life to the advancement of
pharmacy.
• Science grew in the 17th and 18th centuries. Many new drugs and chemicals were identified e.g. nitrogen,
atropine, quinine, caffeine, morphine, codeine and testosterone etc.
 AMERICAN PHARMACY:

• As soon as Columbus started his explorations of the Americas in the late 15th
century, some European efforts to find valuable medicinal plants among the
flora of the New World to add to the medical canon got underway.
• The first drugstore in North America appeared in Boston, Newyork.
• The 19th century (1800s) birthed “pharmacy as we know it” and again,
pharmacy’s development in mainland Europe continued to fuel its growth in
the young American republic
 MEDICAL SOCIETIES AND EDUCATION OF PHARMACY:

• In
19th century, many medical societies were established to increase the quality of
medicines and to promote the profession of pharmacy such as American
Pharmaceutical Association whose slogan is to produce better pharmacists.
• University Education regarding pharmacy was started in 1829 when New York
College of Pharmacy was established. These colleges were acting as professional
associations, or at least promoted pharmacist education and the distinct profession of
pharmacist with a guild-like zeast.
• With the rise of mechanization and mass production, new modern ways of making
tablets (1884), the
• enteric-coated pill (1884) and gelatin capsule (1875) became practicable.
• By 1900, most pharmacies stocked the shelves, partially or pre-dominantly, with
medicines growing industries to train pharmacist to produce medicines increasingly
eroded.
 INDUSTRIALIZATION ERA:
•During civil war and World War – I, more people needed drugs for
injuries and illness from the wars, so mass production of
medications were made through industrial machines.
•Scientific research was also growing in the industrial era.
Investigations into medicines and their effects were studied.
•Due to all the researches many new drugs and uses of old drugs
were being used which caused more reactions and interactions
with medications, which is why the patient care era is called that.
 PATIENT CARE ERA:

•In 19th and 20th century new problems were seen like
allergic reactions, multiple drug interactions with other
drugs and foods.
•It increases the therapeutic duties of patient care in
pharmacies and hospitals.
 BIOTECHNOLOGY ERA:

•In 21st century gene therapy is being conducted. Some diseases are
linked to genetic defects. Pharmacists are trying to modify the
genetic makeup of people that may prevent or cure diseases.
•Recombinant DNA technology is a form of synthetic DNA that is
engineered through the combination or insertion of one or more
DNA strands, thereby combining DNA sequences that would not
normally cure together.
 Importance of Profession:
• Impact on individual patient(s):
• State of health
• Better health of individual
• Pharmacy services results in:
• Improved health
• Economic outcomes
• Reduction in adverse effects of medicines
• Improved quality of life
• Reduced morbidity and mortality
• Pharmaceuticals:
• Formulation / manufacturing
• Quality assurance / monitoring
• Licensing / registration
• Marketing
• Dispensing
• Distribution / supply / storage
• Education, research & development
 THE SEVEN-STAR PHARMACIST:

•It is a concept developed by WHO in 2000.

•Care-giver
•Decision-maker
•Communicator
•Manager
•Life-long-learner
•Teacher
•Leader and researcher
 Role of Muslim Scientist in Pharmacy:

• Among the Muslim scientist, the Arabs were the greatest doctors, the first
chemists, the best pharmacists. They played a major role in history of
therapeutics. They preserved and built the knowledge of Greco-Roman period.
They followed the teachings of Muhammad (P.B.U.H). The formerly nomadic
people who united into the nations of Islam conquered huge areas of middle
east and Africa and eventually expanding into Spain and eastern Europe.
•Abbasid Caliphate:
• InBaghdad, the first Pharmacy was established in 754 under the Abbasid
caliphate during the Islamic golden age. The clear-cut separation of the two
professions, physicians and Pharmacist was done in 800 A.D in Abbasid
caliphate.
 Role of Muslim Scientist in Pharmacy:
• Yahanna Bin Masawayh (777 to 857 A.D.):
• He was one of the contributors to Arabic Pharmacy. He Wrote a book “Ibn-e-Masawayh”
which includes 30 aromatics, their Physical properties, method of detecting adulteration
(spoil) and Pharmacological effects. Ibn-e-Masawayh recommended saffron for liver and
stomach ailments.
• Abu- Hassan Ali Bin Sahl Rabban at Tabari:
• Hewrote a famous book “paradise of wisdom”. It contains discussions on the nature of
man, cosmology (study of stars), embryology, diet and diseases.
• Abu Bakr Muhammad ar Razi (841 to 926 A.D.):
• He was one of the greatest Physician in Islam but at the same time he was supporter of the
art of Al- Chemy. To a great extent, he influenced the development of Pharmacy and
medical therapy throughout the middle ages. He wrote two books named Ar-Asrar and Sirr
Al Asrar.
 Role of Muslim Scientist in Pharmacy:
• Ali Ibn-Al-Abbas Al-Majusi (994 A.D.):
• He was a Persian physician and psychologist, most famous for the Kitab al-Maliki (Complete Book
of the Medical Art). In this book he concluded that, “joy and contentment can bring a better living
status to many who would otherwise be sick and miserable due to unnecessary sadness, fear, worry
and anxiety”.
• Al Ghafiqi:
• Hewas the highly respected Physician in cordova (muslim spain) an that he was also interested in
Pharmacy as well.
• Abu Al Qasim Al Zahrawi (Abulcasis) (936 – 1013 A.D.):
• He was Pioneer in the preparation of medicines by sublimation and distillation. Also he worked on
the extraction or urinary bladder stones. He is known as the doctor of / father of surgery. He wrote
“Kitab-al- Tasrif”, a thirty volume encyclopedia of medical practices. The 28 th book consists of
simple medicines of vegetables, animals or mineral origin.
 Role of Muslim Scientist in Pharmacy:
• Sabur Bin Sahl (940 to 1000 A.D.):
• The first medical formulary to be written in Arabic is “al-Aqrabadin”. In it, he gave
medical recipes stating the methods and techniques of compounding these remedies,
their Pharmacological actions, the dosages and the means of administration.
• Ibn-e-Sina (Avicenna) (980 – 1037 A.D.):
• Among the brilliant contributors to the sciences of Pharmacy and Medicine during
the Arabian era was one genius who seems to stand for his time – the Persian, Ibn-e-
Sina (about 980-1037 A.D.), called Avicenna by the Western world. Pharmacist,
poet, physician, philosopher and diplomat. Avicenna was an intellectual giant, a
favorite of Persian princes and rulers. He wrote in Arabic. He wrote the famous
book “ Kitab Al Shifa ( the book of healing ). He also described 700 preparations,
their properties, mode of action and their indications.
 Role of Muslim Scientist in Pharmacy:
• Al –Beruni (973 – 1050):
• Hewrote one of the most valuable Islamic works entitled “Kitab-ul-Saydalah” (the book of
drugs) where he gave detailed knowledge of the properties of drugs and outlined the role of
Pharmacy and the functions and duties of the Pharmacist. He was known as father of
Arabic Pharmacy.
• Ibn Al-Wafid (997 – 1074):
• He
was a pharmacologist and physician from Toledo. His main work is Kitab al-adwiya al-
mufrada which include 520 different kinds of medicines from various plants and herbs.
• Saladin de Asculo:
• He is one of the greatest influence on practice of pharmacy among early Italian works was
the Compendium written by him in middle of 15th century for information of pharmacist.
This book is called as “the first real treatise on pharmacy in a modern sense… which
became the model for all later textbooks of pharmacy”.
 Role of Muslim Scientist in Pharmacy:
• Al-Ghafiqi:
• He is famous for controlling plants from Spain and Africa and documented them with names in Arabic, Latin and Berber.
• Abdullah Ibn Ahmad ibn Al-Baytar:
• He was a pharmacist and botanist and was author of two books “Al-Mughanifi al-Adwiyal-al- Mufaradah” (Medicines)
and “Al-Jami Jilah Adwiyah al-Mufradah” (contains simple remedies). This collection is claimed to contain more than
2000 plants.
• Jabir Bin Hayyan:
• He recommended:
• Psyllium mucilage, gourds, whey for biliary troubles
• Bamboo, vinegar, pomegranates for blood diseases
• Castor, asafetida for pituitary problems
• Ar-Rafiqi (11th Century):
• He was a botanist who compiled information on medicines of plant and mineral origin.
• Al-Harith:
• He was the first amongst the Arabs as a during the period of Prophet (‫)ﷺ‬.
 Role of Muslim Scientist in Pharmacy:
• Shaikh Jalal-ud-Din Abu Suleiman Daud:
• He was the writer of Tibb-e-Nabvi. This was translated by Dr. Perron.
• Yaqub Ibn Ishaq Al-Kindi (800 – 873 A.D.):
• Inmedicines, his chief contribution comprises the fact that he was the first to systematically
determine the doses to be administered of all the drugs known at his time. This resolved the
conflicting views prevailing among physicians on the dosage caused difficulties in writing
recipes.
• Ibn al-Nafis (1213 – 1288 A.D.):
• He was a doctor basically. He wrote “Al-Shamil fial-Tibb” comprising 300 volumes.
 Role of Muslim Scientist in Pharmacy:
• Abu Marwan ibn Zuhr (1091 – 1161 A.D.):
• He was one of the greatest physicians of Muslim Golden era. He wrote “Kitab al-
Taisir fi al-Mudawat wu al-Tadbir (book of simplification concerning therapeutics
and diet).
• Ali Bin Sahl Rabban al-Tabari (d. 870):
• He was a physician under rule of al-Mu’tasim. He wrote Firdaus al-Hikma (Paradise
of Wisdom). He urged that therapeutic value of each drug be reconciled with
particular disease. For sorting drugs he recommended glass or ceramic vessels for
liquid drugs, small jars for eye liquid shelves and lead containers for fatty substances.
• Yahya ibn Jazla (d. 1100 A.D.):
• Hecomposed Taqwim al-Abdan fi Tadbir al-Insan, which consisted 44 tables, and
352 diseases.
 Modern Age & Early Research:
•THE AMERICAN PHARMACEUTICAL
ASSOCIATION:
•Need for better intercommunication among pharmacists; standards for
education and apprenticeship; and quality control of imported drugs,
led to calling of a convention of representative pharmacists in the Hall
of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, October 6 to 8, 1852.
•Under leadership of its first President, Daniel B. Smith, and first
Secretary, William Procter, Jr., the twenty delegates launched The
American Pharmaceutical Association; mapped its objectives, and
opened membership to "All Pharmacists and Druggists”.
•The Association continues to serve Pharmacy today.
 Modern Age & Early Research:
•THE STANDARDIZATION OF PHARMACEUTICALS:
• Despite the professional skill and integrity of 19th-century pharmacists,
seldom did two preparations of vegetable drugs have the same strength, even
though prepared by identical processes. Plant drugs varied widely in active
alkaloidal and glycosidal content.
• The first answer to this problem came when Parke, Davis & Company
introduced standardized "Liquor Ergotae Purificatus".
• Parke-Davis also pioneered in developing pharmacologic and physiologic
standards for pharmaceuticals.
 Modern Age & Early Research:
•THE PHARMACOPOEIA COMES OF AGE:
•As the scientific basis for drugs and drug products developed so
did the need for uniform standards to ensure quality.
•This need led to the development and publication of monographs
and reference books. Organized sets of monographs or books of
these standards are called Pharmacopoeias and formularies.
•The "United States Pharmacopoeia" (1820) was the first book of
drug standards from a professional source which achieved a
national acceptance.
 Modern Age & Early Research:
•THE ERA OF BIOLOGICALS:
•When, in 1894, Behring and Roux announced the effectiveness of
diphtheria antitoxin, pharmaceutical scientists both in Europe and in
the United States rushed to put the new discovery into production.
•Parke, Davis & Company was among the pioneers.
•The serum became available in 1895, and lives of thousands of
children were saved.
 Modern Age & Early Research:
•THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHEMOTHERAPY:
• One of the successful researcher’s in the development of new chemical
compounds specifically created to fight disease-causing organisms in the body
was the French pharmacist, Ernest Francois Auguste Fourneau, who for 30
years headed chemical laboratories in the world-renowned Institute Pasteur, in
Paris.
• His early work with bismuth and arsenic compounds advanced the treatment
of syphilis.
• He paved the way for the life-saving sulfonamide compounds, and from his
laboratories came the first group of chemicals having recognized antihistaminic
properties.
• His work led other investigators to broaden the field of chemotherapeutic
research.
 Modern Age & Early Research:
•PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH:
• Research in some form has gone hand in hand with the development of
Pharmacy through the ages. However, it was the chemical synthesis of
antipyrine in 1883 that gave force and inspiration for intensive search for
therapeutically useful compounds.
• Begun by the Germans, who dominated the research field until World
War-I, thereafter the lead was transferred to the United States. Research
in Pharmacy, came into its own in the late 1930's and early 1940's, since than
it has grown steadily, supported by pharmaceutical manufactures,
universities, and government.
• Today it is using techniques and trained personnel from every branch of
science in the unending search for new life-saving and life-giving drug
products
 Modern Age & Early Research:
•PHARMACEUTICAL MANUFACTURING COMES OF AGE:
• Pharmaceutical manufacturing as an industry apart from retail Pharmacy had
its beginnings about 1600, really got under way in the middle 1700. It
developed first in Germany, then in England and France.
• In America, it was the child of wars - born in the Revolution, grew rapidly
during and following the Civil War, became independent of Europe during
World War-I, came of age during and following World War-II.
• Utilizing latest technical advances from every branch of science,
manufacturing of Pharmaceuticals is developing and producing the
latest and greatest drugs prescribe them and pharmacists dispense them for the
benefit of all mankind.
 Modern Age & Early Research:
•THE ERA OF ANTIBIOTICS:
• Antibiotics are not new. Their actions probably were first observed by
Pasteur in 1877. However, the second quarter of the 20th century marked the
flowering of the antibiotic era - a new and dramatic production of disease-
fighting drugs. Fleming's discovery of penicillin in 1929 went undeveloped
and Florey and Chain studied it in 1940.
• Under Pressure of World war-II the Pharmaceutical Manufacturers rapidly
applied mass production methods to penicillin.
• Antibiotic discoveries came rapidly in the '40's.
• Intensive research continues to find antibiotics that will conquer more of
men's microbial enemies.
 Modern Age & Early Research:
•PHARMACY TODAY & TOMORROW:
•Pharmacy, with its heritage of 50 centuries of service to mankind,
has come to be recognized as one of the great profession.
•Like Medicine, it has come through many revolutions, has learned
many things, has had to discard many of its older ways.
•Pharmacists are among the community's finest educated people.
•Pharmacy's professional importance will continue to grow in
the future as this great heritage and tradition of service is
passed on from preceptor to apprentice, from teacher to
student, from father to son.