303105104 - Computational Thinking for

Structured Design-1
Prof. INDU JAISWAL, Assistant Professor Computer Science & Engineering
 CHAPTER-3
Conditional Flow Statements, Iterative Statements, Jumping
Statements and Pointers
Contents

1. Conditional Flow Statements(Decision making)

2. Iterative Statements (Loops)
3. Jumping statements (break and continue statements)
4. Pointers
1. Decision Making

● Decision making is used to specify the order in which statements

are executed.
● Decision making in a C program
using:-
○ if statement
○ if…else statement
○ if…else if…else statement
○ nested if...else statement
○ Switch case Statement
1.1 if statement
Example: if statement
#include <stdio.h>
● Program to display int main()
{
only negative int number;
numbers on screen. printf("Enter an integer:
"); scanf("%d",
&number);
// Test expression is true
if number is less than 0
if (number < 0) {
printf("You entered %d.\
n", number);
}
printf("The if statement is
easy."); return 0;
}
1.2 if...else statement
if...else statement executes some code if the
test expression is true (nonzero) and some
other code if the test expression is false (0).
Syntax of if...else

if (test Expression)
{
// codes inside the body of if
}
else
{
// codes inside the body of else
}
Example: if...else statement
// Program to check whether an integer entered by the user is odd or even
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int number;
printf("Enter an integer: ");
scanf("%d",&number);
// True if remainder is 0
if( number%2 == 0 )
printf("%d is an even integer.",number);
else
printf("%d is an odd integer.",number);
return 0;
}
1.3 if...else if....else Statement
● The if...else statement executes two different codes
depending upon whether the test expression is true or false.
Sometimes, a choice has to be made from more than 2
possibilities.

● The if...else if…else statement allows you to check for

multiple test expressions and execute different codes for
more than two conditions
Syntax of if...else if....else statement.
Example: if...else if....else statement
// Program to relate two integers //checks if number1 is greater than number2.
using =, > or < else if (number1 > number2)
#include <stdio.h> {
int main() printf("Result: %d > %d",
{ number1, number2);
int number1, }
number2; // if both test expression is false
printf("Enter two integers: "); scanf("%d else {
%d", &number1,&number2); printf("Result: %d < %d",number1,
//checks if two integers are equal. number2);
if(number1 == number2) }
{ return 0;
printf("Result: %d = }
%d“,number1,number2);
}
1.4 Nested if else statement
● Nested if else statement is same like if else statement, where
new block of if else statement is defined in existing if else
statement.
● Used when need to check more than one conditions at a time
Syntax of Nested If else Statement
Example of Nested if else Statement
2. Loops

► Loops are used in programming to repeat a specific block until

some end condition is met.
►
There are three loops in C programming:
o for loop
o while loop
o do...while loop
o Nested loops
2.1 for Loop
The syntax of a for loop is:

for (initialization; testExpression; Increment or decrement)

{
// codes
}
Flowchart of For Loop
Example: for loop
// Program to calculate the sum of first n for(count = 1; count <= n; ++count)
natural numbers
{
// Positive integers 1,2,3...n are known as
natural numbers sum =sum+count;
}

#include <stdio.h> int printf("Sum = %d", sum);

main(){ return 0;
int n, count, sum = 0; printf("Enter a }
positive integer: "); scanf("%d", &n);
2.2 while loop

The syntax of a while loop is:

while (testExpression)
{
//codes
}
Example: while loop
/ Program to find factorial of // loop terminates when number is less than
a number or equal to 0
while (number > 0) {
// For a positive integer n,
factorial = 1*2*3...n // factorial = factorial*number;
factorial *= number;
--number;
#include<stdio.h>
}
int main(){
int number; printf("Factorial= %lld", factorial);
long factorial; return 0;
printf("Enter an integer: ");
scanf("%d",&number);
factorial =1;
2.3 do...while loop

► The do..while loop is similar to the while loop with one important
difference.

► The body of do...while loop is executed once, before checking the

testexpression.
► The do...while loop is executed at least once.
do...while loop Syntax

do
{
// codes
}
while (testExpression);
Example: do...while loop
// Program to add numbers until user enters zero #include
<stdio.h>
int main() {
double number, sum = 0;
// loop body is executed at least once
do{
printf("Enter a number: ");
scanf("%lf", &number); sum
+= number;
}while(number != 0.0);
printf("Sum %.2lf",sum); return 0;}
2.4 Nested loops
Defining loop within another loop is for ( init; condition; increment )
called nested loops {
for ( init; condition;
increment )
{
statement(s); //
inner loop
}

statement(s);// outer loop

}
2.4 Nestedloops (Con..)
► Syntax while while(condition)
loop {

while(condition)
{

statement(s);
}

statement(s);
}
3. Break And Continue Statement
► What is BREAK meant?
► What is CONTINUE meant?
Syntax of if...else if....else statement.
► The break statement terminates the loop immediately when it is
encountered.

► The break statement is used with decision making statement

such as if...else.
► Syntax of break statement

break;
How break statement works?
Flowchart Of Break Statement
Example: break statement
3.2 Continue Statement
► The continue statement skips some statements inside the
loop.
► The continue statement is used with decision making stateme such
as if...else.
► Syntax of continue Statement
continue;
Flowchart of Continue Statement
How Continue Statement Works?
Example: continue statement
// Program to calculate sum of // If user enters negative number,
maximum of 10 numbers loop is terminated
// Negative numbers are if(number < 0.0) {
skipped
from calculation continue;
}
# include <stdio.h> // sum = sum + number;
int main(){ sum += number;
int i; }
printf("Sum = %.2lf",sum);
double number, sum = 0.0;
return 0;
for(i=1; i <= 10; ++i)
}
{ printf("Enter a n%d:
",i);
scanf("%lf",&number);
3.2. Switch
Statement
► The if...else if…else statement allows you to execute a block code among many
alternatives. If you are checking on the value of a single variable in if...else if…
else statement, it is better to use switch statement.

► The switch statement is often faster than nested if...else (not always).

Also, the syntax of switch statement is cleaner and

easy to understand.
Syntax of switch...case
switch (n){
case constant1:
// code to be executed if n is equal to constant1;
break;
case constant2:
// code to be executed if n is equal to
constant2; break;
….
default:
// code to be executed if n doesn't match any constant
}
Switch Statement Flowchart
Example: switch Statement
// Program to create a simple calculator
// Performs addition, subtraction, multiplication or division
depending the input from user
# include <stdio.h>

int main() {
char operator;
double firstNumber,secondNumber;
printf("Enter an operator (+, -, *,): ");
scanf("%c", &operator); printf("Enter
two operands: ");
scanf("%lf %lf",&firstNumber,
&secondNumber);
Syntax of if...else if....else statement.
switch(operator) {
case '+':
printf("%.1lf + %.1lf = %.1lf",firstNumber, secondNumber, firstNumber+secondNumber); break;

case '-':
printf("%.1lf - %.1lf = %.1lf",firstNumber, secondNumber, firstNumber-secondNumber); break;

case '*':
printf("%.1lf * %.1lf = %.1lf",firstNumber, secondNumber, firstNumber*secondNumber); break;

case '/':
printf("%.1lf / %.1lf = %.1lf",firstNumber, secondNumber, firstNumber/firstNumber); break;

// operator is doesn't match any case constant (+, -, *, /)

default:
printf("Error! operator is not correct");
3.3 goto
Statement
►The goto statement is used to alter the normal sequence of a C program.
Syntax of goto Statement

goto label;
... .. ...
... .. ...
... .. ...
label:
statement;
What is Label?
► The label is an identifier. When goto statement is encountered, control of the
program
jumps to label: and starts executing the code.
Example: goto Statement
// Program to calculate the sum and average of maximum of 5
number
// If user enters negative number, the sum and average of previously
entered positive number is displayed
# include <stdio.h>

int main(){

const int maxInput = 5; int i; double

number, average, sum=0.0;

for(i=1; i<=maxInput; ++i){

printf("%d. Enter a number: ", i);

scanf("%lf",&number);
Example: goto Statement
// If user enters negative number, flow of program moves to label jump
if(number < 0.0)
goto jump;

sum += number; // sum = sum+number;

}
Jump:
average=sum/(i-1); printf("Sum =
%.2f\n", sum);
printf("Average = %.2f", average);
return 0; }
4. Pointer
The pointer is derived data type in C. Pointer is variable which
stores the memory address of another variable. This variable
can be of type int, char, array, function, or any other pointer.

Declaring pointer
Syntax
data_type *pt_name;

example
int number=50;
int *p;
p=&number;//stores the address of number variable
Pointer(Continue..)
Pointer can be typed or an untyped pointer points to an particular variable type such as an
integer. An Untyped pointer points to any data type
Double Pointer
The pointer to a pointer in C is used when
we want to store the address of another
pointer. The first pointer is used to store the
address of the variable. And the second
pointer is used to store the address of the
first pointer. That is why they are also known
as double-pointers
Double Pointer(continue..)
Declaration of Pointer to a Pointer in C

Syntax
data_type **name_of_variable = & normal_pointer_variable;

Example
int val = 5;
int *ptr = &val; // storing address of val to pointer ptr.
int **d_ptr = &ptr; // pointer to a pointer declared
// which is pointing to an integer.
Triple Pointer
A triple-pointer is a pointer that points to a memory location where a double-pointer is being stored. The triple-
pointer itself is just one pointer.

Ex. int *** is a pointer, that points to the value of a double pointer, which in turn points to the value of a single
pointer, which points to the value of an int.
Syntax :
Data_type ***variable_Name ;
Example :
int ***r ;
r => This is double pointer variable and not normal variable
NULL Pointer
The Null Pointer is the pointer that does not point to any location.

We can create a null pointer by assigning the null value at the time of pointer declaration.

This method is useful when you do not assign any address to the pointer. A null pointer always contains value 0.

Syntax of Null Pointer

type pointer_name = NULL;
type pointer_name = 0;

// declaring null pointer

int* ptr = NULL;
Void Pointer
It is a pointer that has no associated data type with it. A void pointer can hold addresses of any type and can be
typecast to any type.

It is also called a generic pointer and does not have any standard data type.

It is created by using the keyword void.

void *p = NULL; //void pointer

Wild Pointer
Wild pointers are also called uninitialized pointers. Because they point to some arbitrary memory location and
may cause a program to crash or behave badly.

This type of C pointer is not efficient. Because they may point to some unknown memory location which may
cause problems in our program. This may lead to the crashing of the program.
example
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int *p; //wild pointer
printf("%d",*p);
return 0;
}
Const Pointer
A constant pointer in C cannot change the address of the variable to which it is pointing, i.e., the
address will remain constant.

Syntax of Constant Pointer

<type of pointer> *const <name of pointer>;

Example
int *const ptr;
Int a =1, b=2;
ptr=&a;
ptr=&b;
Compiler will show error while assigning ptr=&b, because ptr is const pointer which points to fixed
location