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L7 - DECISIONS (Autosaved)

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13 views26 pages

L7 - DECISIONS (Autosaved)

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lkixome
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Decisions

(Selection control
structure)
By Sir. Joshua
Decision making
 Decision making structures require that the
programmer specify one or more conditions to be
evaluated or tested by the program, along with a
statement or statements to be executed if the condition is
determined to be true, and optionally, other statements to
be executed if the condition is determined to be false.
 In C++ programming language, there are two types of
decision control structure, namely If statement, and
Switch-case statement.
 C++ programming language provides following types of
decision making statements.
…
Stateme Description
nt
if An if statement consists of a boolean expression
statement followed by one or more statements.
if … else An if statement can be followed by an optional else
statement statement, which executes when the boolean
expression is false.
switch A switch statement allows a variable to be tested for
statement equality against a list of values.
Nested if You can use one if or else if statement inside another
statement if or else if
statement(s).
Nested You can use one swicth statement inside another
switch switch statement(s).
if statement
 Anif statement consists of a
boolean expression followed by
one or more statements.
 Syntax and flowchart diagram
Example
if…else statement
An if statement can be followed by an
optional else statement, which executes when
the Boolean expression is false.
Syntax:
Flowchart Diagram
Example
The if...else if...else Statement:
 An if statement can be followed by an optional else
if...else statement, which is very usefull to test
various conditions using single if...else if statement.
 When using if , else if , else statements there are few
points to keep in mind.
 An if can have zero or one else's and it must
come after any else if’s.
 An if can have zero to many else if's and they
must come before the else.
 Once an else if succeeds, none of he remaining
else if's or else's will be tested.
Syntax
Flowchart Diagram
The switch statement
A switch statement allows a variable to be
tested for equality against a list of values.
 Eachvalue is called a case, and the variable
being switched on is checked for each case.
Syntax
The following rules apply to a
switch statement:
 Theexpression used in a switch statement
must have an integral or enumerated type,
or be of a class type in which the class has a
single conversion function to an integral or
enumerated type.
 You can have any number of case
statements within a switch. Each case is
followed by the value to be compared to
and a colon.
…
 Theconstant-expression for a case must be
the same data type as the variable in the
switch, and it must be a constant or a literal.
 When the variable being switched on is equal
to a case, the statements following that case
will execute until a break statement is
reached.
 When a break statement is reached, the
switch terminates, and the flow of control
jumps to the next line following the switch
statement.
…
 Not every case needs to contain a
break. If no break appears, the flow of
control will fall through to subsequent
cases until a break is reached.
A switch statement can have an optional
default case, which must appear at the
end of the switch. The default case can be
used for performing a task when none of the
cases is true. No break is needed in the
default case.
Flowchart Diagram
Example
nested if statements
 Itis always legal to nest if-else statements,
which means you can use one if or else if
statement inside another if or else if
statement(s).
 Syntax:
Example
nested switch statements

 Itis possible to have a switch as part of the


statement sequence of an outer switch.
 Even if the case constants of the inner and
outer switch contain common values, no
conflicts will arise.
 C++ specifies that at least 256 levels of
nesting be allowed for switch statements.
Syntax
Example
The ? : Operator (Ternary Operator)
 It is called a conditional operator or an inline if
 Syntax:

variable = boolean_expression ? expression1 :


expression2;
 If boolean_expression is true, then expression1 is
evaluated and becomes the value of the entire ?
expression.
 If boolean_expression is false, then expression2 is
evaluated and its value becomes the value of the
expression.
 It can be used to replace if...else statements.
Flowchart Diagram
Example

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