Parvatibai Genba Moze College of engineering,

Wagholi,Pune

Department of Computer Engineering

Presentation on Seminar topic

entitled

Blockchain in E-Voting System

Presented By: Shubhangi Dhobale. Guided By: Prof. Shrikant Dhamdhere.

 Contents
• Introduction to Blockchain
• Goals and objective
• Scope
• Literature Survey
• Blockchain Creation
• Features of Blockchain
• Working of Blockchain
• Existing Voting System and its Disadvantages
• Proposed Voting System
• Election Roles and Process
• Design and Implementation
• Architecture of Voting System
• Use Case Diagram
• Conclusion
• References
 Introduction of Blockchain
• The term “BLOCKCHAIN” refere to the way BC stores transaction data in
“Blocks”.
• They are linked to form a chain.
• The chain grows as the number of transaction increases.
• Every entry in a blockchain is stored as block on a chain.
• Blockchain is a distributed system recording and storing transaction
records.
• In a Blockchain system, there is no central authority.
• Blockchain is immutable, i.e., data cannot be deleted.
• Blockchain are secure.
• Data can be distributed but cannot be copied.
 Goals and Objective
• To achieve high security using Blockchain.
• To develop trust factor in voting system.
• To achieve transparency in system by tracking all activities.
• To implement decentralized system so that data is stord in multiple
systems.

Scope
• Using blockchain technology, we can make sure that those who are voting
are who they say they are and are legally allowed to vote. Plus, by using
blockchain technology, anyone who knows how to use a cell phone can
understand the technology required for voting.
• Using the blockchain for voting ensures a necessary level of transparency.
The chief benefit of switching our voting systems over to the blockchain
is the enhanced level of transparency the blockchain allows for.
Literature Survey
 Blockchain Creation
• Every block has data, hash of the block and hash of previous block. When
new block is created then hash of previous block is stored in this block and
then hash of new block is calculated and store in it. In this way blockchain
is created.

Fig: Block Representation Fig: Blockchain Creation

 Features of Blockchain
Large Capacity: The network’s capacity can be increased limitlessly by
increasing the number of computers.
Best Security: Every transaction is highly secured by the nodes on the
network.
Transparency: Every transaction on the blockchain is visible.
Immutability: Data once added can neither be changed.
Decentralization: There is no governing authority or a single person looking
after the network.
Faster Settlement: Blockchain offers a faster settlement of funds as
compared to other traditional banking systems.
Synchronized: Every participants are accessing exactly the same data.
Privacy: Data is encrypted such that only authorized person can access the
data against which they have permissions.
 Working of blockchain
• Blockchain technology was first used within Bitcoin and is a public ledger
of all transactions. A blockchain stores these transactions in a block, the
block eventually becomes completed as more transactions are carried out.
Once complete it is then added in a linear, chronological order to the
blockchain.
• The initial block in a blockchain is known as the ‘Genesis block’ or ‘Block
0’. The genesis block is usually hardcoded into the software; it is special in
that it doesn’t contain a reference to a previous block. (‘Genesis Block’,
2015) Once the genesis block has been initialised ‘Block 1’ is created and
when complete is attached to the genesis block. Each block has a
transaction data part, copies
• of each transaction are hashed, and then the hashes are paired and
hashed again, this continues until a single hash remains; also known as a
merkle root .
Working of Blockchain
Working of Blockchain
 Existing Voting System
• Electronic Voting Machines ("EVM") are being used in Indian
General and state elections to implement electronic voting in part from
1999 elections and recently in 2019 Vidhan Sabha Elections.
• Before EVM, vote counting was done by paper ballot but with the
advancement in technology, electronic voting machines came into the
picture. EVMs have replaced paper ballots in local,state and general
elections in india.
• There are two units in EVM : the control unit and the balloting unit. These
units are joined together with the help of cable.
• The control unit of the EVM is kept with the presiding officer or the polling
officer.
• The balloting unit is kept within the voting compartment for electors to cast
their votes. This helps polling officer to verify your identity
• With the EVM, instead of issuing a ballot paper, the polling officer will press
the Ballot Button which enables the voter to cast their vote.
Disdavantages of Existing voting system
 Vulnerability to hacking.
 Susceptibility to fraud
 Malicious programming.
 The time gap between the voting and counting of votes is large
which leads to tampering.
 Due to the physical accessibility to the EVM, the third party can
interrupt and change the count of votes.
 Proposed System
• Proposed system is an internet voting system . We provide an online platform for
voting i.e a website. Propose system three parts as Voter, Election Administrator and
Election Process.

• Voter : Voter is the main part of the system which participate in the election process.
He register himself in system by giving his personal information.

• Election Administrator : To manage all the data coming from voter during registration.

• and election process, election administrator has worked. Also it generate public and
private keys for voters. It is nothing but python packages.

• Election Process : In this process voter select the candidate to vote and give his vote
for selected candidate.
 Working of Proposed System
• In proposed system as told earlier voter register himself. During
registration system takes voter’s unique identity number. Unique identity is
for generating unique public and private key for every voter. So here
problem of double voting is solved. After taking all required information
from voter, if the voter is eligible for voting process then only system
accept registration of voters. Then system i.e election administrator
generate public and private keys for voter.

Public and Private Key

• Private key and public key are the hash value data which is unreadable.
During election process for login purpose and giving vote to candidate
public key and private key is required. It acts like login id and password in
this voting process. But voter cannot always remember it as it is large
value. After successful registration this keys send to the registered email or
mobile number. Also during voting process for data encryption and
decryption purpose it is used
Election Roles and Process
 Election Roles and Process
Election Roles:
As can be seen in Figure 1, elections in our proposal enable participation of
individuals or institutions in the following roles. Where multiple institutions
and individuals can be enrolled to the same role.
(i) Election administrators: Manage the lifecycle of an election. Multiple
trusted institutions and companies are enrolled with this role. The election
administrators specify the election type and create aforementioned election,
configurate ballots, register voters, decide the lifetime of the election and
assign permissioned nodes.
(ii) Voters: For elections to which they are eligible for, voters can authenticate
themselves, load election ballots, cast their vote and verify their vote after an
election is over. Voters can be rewarded for voting with tokens when they cast
their vote in an election in the near future, which could be integrated with a
smart city project.
 Election Roles and Process
(iii) District nodes: When the election administrators create an election, each
ballot smart contracts, representing each voting district, are deployed onto the
blockchain. When the ballot smart contracts are created, each of the
corresponding district nodes are given permission to interact with their
corresponding ballot smart contract. When an individual voter casts his vote
from his corresponding smart contract, the vote data is verified by all of the
corresponding district nodes and every vote they agree on are appended onto
the blockchain when block time has been reached.
(iv) Bootnodes: Each institution, with permissioned access to the network,
host a bootnode. A bootnode helps the district nodes to discover each other
and communicate. The bootnodes do not keep any state of the blockchain and
is ran on a static IP so that district nodes find its peers faster.
 Election Roles and Process
Election Process:
In our work, each election process is represented by a set of smart contracts,
which are instantiated on the blockchain by the election administrators. A
smart contract is defined for each of the voting districts of the election so
multiple smart contracts are involved in an election. For each voter with its
corresponding voting district location, defined in the voters registration phase,
the smart contract with the corresponding location will be prompted to the
voter after the user authenticates himself when voting.
 Design and Implemantation
To introduce a method of secure authentication, our proposed system is
designed to use electronic ID authentication via Auokenni, which is an
Icelandic service provider for identity verification. Auokenni utilizes the
Nexus software and RFID scanners.
When a user registers for an electronic ID, a user chooses a PIN number for its
corresponding ID consisting of 6 numbers. A user will therefore identify
himself in the voting booth by scanning his ID and providing his
corresponding PIN number to authenticate himself to the system.

1) Any computer in any voting district can be used by any eligible voter to
vote, since the wallet for the corresponding voter has information on which
voting district the voter is supposed to vote from. For a user to successfully
authenticate, a valid ID and PIN number needs to be presented at a voting
district using a card reader and the nexus software.
Voter Authentication Process
2) If the authentication is successful, the corresponding smart contract is
prompted for the ongoing election. The ballot for the aforementioned election is a
smart contract which has a list of the candidates a voter can choose from. 3)
When a voter has selected a candidate and casts his vote, the voter proceeds to
sign his vote by re-entering the corresponding PIN number for his electronic ID.
4) After the voter has signed his vote, the vote data proceeds to be verified by the
corresponding district node, which the voter is interacting with the smart contract
through. If the aforementioned district node accepts the vote data, the vote data
must be agreed upon by the majority corresponding district node.
5) If the majority of district nodes agree upon the vote data, consensus for the
particular vote has been reached. The user then receives the transaction ID for the
corresponding transaction of his vote in the form of a QR-code and the option to
print the transaction ID. When the vote is casted and has been verified, a function
in the smart contract adds one vote to the party which was voted for. This
functionality of the smart contract structure is utilized to determine the election
result in each of the voting districts. Figure 3 is a visual representation of the
steps we just ellaborated.
6) All transactions which were received and verified in the ongoing block time
are deployed onto the blockchain after the block time has reached its time limit
With each new block added to the blockchain, each district node updates his copy
of the ledger.
 Architecture of Voting System
When determining on the architecture we took powerful inspiration from both the distributed and
acquirability of the Bitcoin network and the gathering process of traditional voting. The network is a
multi-tiered, decentralised infrastructure which having the two definite blockchains, the net- work is
split into three abstract tiers, National, Constituency and Local. The local tier contains all the digital
polling stations all over the country, each of which is connected to a constituency node. A local node
is setup to only be in contact with the other local nodes under the connected constituency node and
the constituency node itself.

Fig: E-Voting System Architecture

 Use Case Diagram
User Profile:
• Voter: User register itself in the system. If user registered successfully he has right to vote.
• Administrator: It is python packages which help to generate public and private key
• Candidate: He stand for election.
• Use Case View:

Fig:Use case diagram

 Conclusion
• Blockchain Technology is gaining popularity day by day. Using blockchain in
voting system will help to achieve secure and cost-efficient election while
guaranteeing voter’s privacy. Also, due to the encryption mechanism, it is
impossible for any person to gain access to all the votes without first taking control
of the entire service network.
• The idea of adapting digital voting systems to make the public electoral process
cheaper, faster and easier, is a compelling one in modern society. Making the
electoral process cheap and quick, normalizes it in the eyes of the voters, removes a
certain power barrier between the voter and the elected official and puts a certain
amount of pressure on the elected official. It also opens the door for a more direct
form of democracy, allowing voters to express their will on individual bills and
propositions.
 References
[1] Agora (2017). Agora: Bringing our voting systems into the 21st century
Available at: https://agora.vote/Agora_Whitepaper_v0.1.pdf
[2] Kirill Nikitin, Kokoris-Kogias, Philipp Jovanovic, Linus Gasser, Nicolas
Gailly, Ismail Khoffi, Justin Cappos and Bryan Ford (2017). CHAINIAC:
Proactive Software-Update Transparency via Collectively Signed Skipchains
and Verified Builds Available at: https://www.usenix.
org/system/files/conference/usenixsecurity17/sec17-nikitin.pdf
[3] Alin Tomescu and Srinivas Devadas(2017). Catena: Efficient
Nonequivocation via Bitcoin Available at: https://people.csail.mit.edu/
alinush/papers/catena-sp2017.pdf
[4] Michael del Castillo (2018). Sierra Leone Secretly Holds First Blockchain-
Audited Presidential Vote Available at: https://www.coindesk.com/ sierra-
leone-secretly-holds-first-blockchain-powered-presidential-vote/
[5] Ethereum Blog. (2018). On Public and Private Blockchains Ethereum
Blog. Available at: https://blog.ethereum.org/2015/08/07/ on-public-and-
private-blockchains/
Thank You!!!