CONCEPT OF

GLOBALIZATION
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this module, the learners
are expected to:

1. Define and explain the meaning of

globalization;
2. Examine the various conceptions of
globalization;
3. Distinguish the different definitions of
globalization from experts; and
WHAT GLOBALIZATION IS

Tony is a college student. He drinks Pandesal Mate with his usual

corned beef, egg, and rice for breakfast every school day. While eating, he
watches Fox movie on cable TV to make his morning light. Afterwards, he
rushes to brush his teeth using Colgate. Then, he is ready to go. Upon
entering the gate of the university campus, he taps his school ID on the
turnstile entrance. Likewise, he sends his “Hi” message to his special friend
using his new iPhoneX. More so, Tony and his friends love to wear Nike
shoes and use Vans schoolbags, with their favorite Denim outfit during wash
days. They love to hang out in their favorite fast food store, Jollibee, and
happily eat their favorite burger, chicken joy and Coke float. Tony and his
classmates use their mobile smartphones and laptops to do their activities
and assignments. He talks to his Dad who works in Dubai via Skype on
Monday, Wednesday and Saturday nights.
WHAT GLOBALIZATION IS

Everyone can observe the trend among many middle

cases or elite students nowadays, especially those who are in
urban areas. This trend is a clear indication that many people
lives, like Filipinos, are affected by global economic
imperialism. Economic imperialism is simply, a situation in
which one country has a lot of economic power or influence
over the others. This is the age of “Westernization” and/or
“Americanization” of contemporary Filipinos. The ideas and
behavior that are characterized by Westernians and North
Americans are adopted by the Filipinos while reducing the
traditional ideas and behavior in their culture. That’s why at
our present day and age there are McDonald’s outlets all over
WHAT GLOBALIZATION IS

the world and almost in every major Philippine

city. At the same time there are now Jollibee branches in
some big cities around the world. There are so many
telenovela from Korea or from Mexico that proliferate in
our television screens. Or maybe you and your friends or
relatives come to know kimchi, sushi, tacos, etc. And
some Filipino dishes like sisig or adobo become popular
even in foreign countries. One thing is sure, globalization
is a phenomenon.
WHAT GLOBALIZATION IS

Since the early 19th century, globalization has been

a “buzzword” throughout the world, though the term itself
has been popularized only through former Harvard Business
School Professor Theodore Levitt’s article entitled “The
Globalization of Markets.” (Levitt, 1983) Globalization refers
to the existence of free exchange goods, services, culture,
and even people, between and among countries. Under the
banner of globalization, countries have discarded taxes on
imported goods (tariffs) and opened their doors to highly
skilled workers and professionals. Through globalization
people became more interested to travel, learn new
languages, and immerse themselves into new cultures and
lifestyles.
WHAT GLOBALIZATION IS

On the first decade of the 21 century, some

st

scholars argued that globalization is a process. However,

on the other it is a condition and for some, it is described
as an ideology.
Central to the study of the contemporary world is the
concept of globalization. The following are the
underlying definitions of globalization:

Freeden (2003) theorizes that globalization denotes a

range of processes nesting under one rather difficult
description. Partly, its conceptual difficulty to handle or
control arises from the fact that global flows occur in
WHAT GLOBALIZATION IS

Arjun Appadurai (1996) proposes that different kinds of

globalization occur on multiple and intersecting
dimensions of integration that he calls “scapes”. These
five scapes are;

o Ethnoscape- refers to the global movement of the

people
o Mediascape- flow of culture
o Technoscape- refers to the circulation of mechanical
goods and software
o Financescape- denotes the global circulation of money
o Ideoscape- the realm where political ideas move
WHAT GLOBALIZATION IS

 For the Political Scientists, globalization refers

to challenges to the nation-state, strength of
regional blocs, and development of global political
standards.
 For the Economists, globalization occurs through
increasing free trade, speed of trade (milliseconds
to trade shares), and the presence of global
economic organizations.
o Free Trade- is a policy followed by some
international markets in which countries’
governments do not restrict imports from, or
exports to, other countries.
WHAT GLOBALIZATION IS

For the scholar of culture and

communication, globalization is the creation of
global village due to technological revolutions,
communications technology as shrinking our
world, and cultural imperialism.
Global Economic Organizations

1. IMF - International Monetary Fund

2. WTO - World Trade Organization
3. World Bank
4. OECD - Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development
5. World Economic Forum
6. G20 - Group of 20 (Argentina, Australia, Brazil,
Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy,
Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South
Korea, Turkey, UK, US, European Union)
7. ILO - International Labour Organization
8. UNCTAD - United Nation Conference on Trade and
Development
9. APEC - Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation
10. G7 - Group of 7 (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan,
United Kingdom, and the United States)
11. BRICS - Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa

12. ECOSOC - United Nations Economic and Social Council

13. G8 - Group of Eight (France, Germany, Italy, Japan,

United Kingdom, United States, Canada. Russia)
14. Bank for International Settlements
15. OPEC - Organization of the Petroleum Exporting
Countries
Regional Trade Blocs

The WTO permits the existence of trade blocs,

provided that they result in lower protection against
outside countries than existed before the creation of
the trade bloc.

1. EU - European Union
- a customs union, a single market and now with a
single currency
2. EFTA - European Free Trade Area
3. NAFTA - North American Free Trade Agreement
- between the USA, Canada and Mexico
Regional Trade Blocs

4. Mercosur – a customs union between Brazil, Argentina,

Uruguay, Paraguay and Venezuela
6. AFTA - ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)
Free
Trade Area
7. COMESA - Common Market of Eastern and Southern Africa
8. SAFTA - South Asian Free Trade Area
– created in 2006 with countries such as India and Pakistan

9.Pacific Alliance – a regional trade agreement between

Chile,
Colombia, Mexico and Peru
10. TPP - Trans- Pacific Partnership
– a proposed free trade agreement being negotiated during