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Spect and Spect CT

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73 views23 pages

Spect and Spect CT

Uploaded by

mukiza Festus
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SINGLE PHOTON

EMISSION COMPUTED
TOMOGRAPHY (SPECT)
AND SPECT CT
SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTED
TOMOGRAPHY (SPECT)
 SPECT is a nuclear imaging technique that uses
radioactive tracers (radiopharmaceuticals) to create
detailed 3D images of internal organs and structures
within the body.
 It is particularly useful for studying blood flow,
metabolism, and certain molecular processes.
 In SPECT, gamma-ray emitting radioactive isotopes are
introduced into the body, and a gamma camera detects
the emitted radiation from different angles to create cross-
sectional images.
OR
 SPECT is a nuclear medicine imaging modality ,which
involves the use of radionuclide injected intravenously
in the body, to produce the 3D distribution of the
gamma rays emitted by the radionuclide, giving
physiological information about the organ of interest.

Mostly used radiopharmaceuticals are:


 Iodine-123,
 Technetium-99m
 Iodine-131
PRINCIPLE OF SPECT
 Gamma camera rotates around the patient providing
spatial information on the distribution of the
radionucleides within tissues.
 The use of multiple gamma cameras increases
detector efficiency and spatial resolution
 The projection data obtained from the cameras are
then reconstructed into 3D images usually in axial
slices.
 In planar imaging, 2D projection of a 3D distribution of a
radiopharmaceutical is obtained. It involves superimposition of organs,
lose of depth information and reduction of contrast. This is overcome in
emission tomography imaging.
 Gamma camera is used as single photon emission computed
tomography (SPECT).
 The camera with parallel hole collimator rotates around the patient in 6°
interval. Each interval it halts (20–30 ms) and acquires patient view,
resulting 60 views. Thus, 3 million counts are acquired in 30 minutes.
 The sensitivity can be improved by dual headed or triple headed
camera. Counts from the center is less than edges, due to attenuation
and require attenuation correction algorithm.
 Filtered back projection or iterative methods are used for image
reconstruction, which converts the 60 views into transverse images.
Thus, 20–30 transverse parallel sections can be obtained.
 In addition, sagittal, coronal, and oblique sections can also be obtained.
3D display and image rotation similar to that of multi slice CT is also
possible.
Advantages of SPECT:
 Improved contrast and reduced structural noise, due to elimination of
overlapping structures.
 Localization of defects is more accurate and more clearly seen.
 Extent and size of defect is better defined.
 Images free of background.
 SPECT provides non-invasive technique for imaging brain
neurochemicals.
 Low cost.
 SPECT is available in both the developing and developed countries
because of greater accessibility of SPECT radionuclide and lower
equipment cost.
Disadvantages of SPECT:
 Radiation exposure.
 Limited spatial and temporal resolution.
 Relatively expensive to maintain compared to CT and MRI.
 Collimators reduce detection efficiency as compared to PET

SPECT Application:
 Brain Imaging, Thyroid Imaging, Cardiac Imaging, Pulmonary
Imaging, Gastric Imaging, Renal Imaging, Hepatobiliary Imaging,
Whole Body Imaging and Tumor Detection.
ARTIFACTS
 Star artifact: Caused by back projection and solved
by filtered back projection
 Motion artifact : Caused by the movement of
patients
 Edge Packing: Caused by increased brightness at
the edge of crystal.
SPECT - CT
 SPECT-CT, or Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography-
Computed Tomography, is a medical imaging technique that combines
two different types of imaging technologies: SPECT and CT.

 SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography):


SPECT is a nuclear imaging technique that uses radioactive tracers
(radiopharmaceuticals) to create detailed 3D images of internal organs and
structures within the body. It is particularly useful for studying blood flow,
metabolism, and certain molecular processes.
In SPECT, gamma-ray emitting radioactive isotopes are introduced into the
body, and a gamma camera detects the emitted radiation from different
angles to create cross-sectional images.
 CT (Computed Tomography): CT, also known as CAT scan, uses X-ray
technology to create detailed cross-sectional images of the body. It
provides high-resolution anatomical information and is often used to
visualize bones, soft tissues, and blood vessels.
 The combination of SPECT and CT in SPECT-CT imaging offers several
advantages:
 Anatomical and Functional Correlation: SPECT-CT provides both
functional (SPECT) and anatomical (CT) information in a single imaging
session. This allows for better correlation between abnormal findings in
SPECT images and their precise anatomical locations.
 Improved Accuracy and Localization: By overlaying the functional
SPECT images into the anatomical CT images, it becomes easier to
pinpoint the exact location of functional abnormalities, such as areas of
reduced blood flow or increased metabolic activity.
 Enhanced Diagnostic Value: SPECT-CT can improve the accuracy and
reliability of diagnoses, especially in cases where there might be
overlapping structures or when the functional information needs to be
precisely correlated with anatomical structures.
 Optimized Treatment Planning: SPECT-CT is valuable in treatment
planning for conditions such as cancer. It allows clinicians to determine
the extent of disease, plan targeted treatments, and monitor treatment
response.
 SPECT-CT imaging is commonly used in various medical specialties,
including cardiology, oncology, neurology, and orthopedics. It has
contributed significantly to the field of molecular imaging, aiding in the
diagnosis and management of a wide range of diseases.
WORKING
 Injection of radiotracer: A small amount of
radiopharmaceutical is injected into the patients
 The tracer emits the gamma rays as it accumulates in
specific organs.
 SPECT IMAGING: Gamma camera rotates around the
patient and detect the emitted gamma rays from a
multiple angles
 These images are then reconstructed into 3D
representation of tracer distribution.
 CT IMAGING : After the SPECT scan, CT scan is
performed to capture high-resolution anatomical
images of the body.
 IMAGE FUSION: The functional SPECT Images are
fused with the anatomical CT images using specialized
software.

 This results in a 3D Image that provides both


functional and structural information.
ADVANTAGES OF SPECT OVER PET

SPECT is less expensive than PET to build up and


maintain
SPECT is non-invasive , while many PET Scan require
arterial sampling which is invasive.

DISADVANTAGES:
 SPECT has low resolution and sensitivity .
 SPECT scan can take longer time than PET scan
CONSIDERATIONS SPECT VS PET
 AVAILABILITY SPECT > PET
 COST PET >SPECT
 TEMPORAL RESOLUTION PET >SPECT
 SPATIAL RESOLUTION PET >SPECT
 SNR PET >SPECT
 SENSITIVITY PET >SPECT
THANK YOU

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