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Chapter 07 Minerals (Notes) F22

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20 views23 pages

Chapter 07 Minerals (Notes) F22

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meadowvillar2021
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Review PPT and the notes at Chapter 7
the bottom of the slides.
Minerals
Learning Objectives for Chapter 7

 After
completing Chapter 7, the student
should be able to:
 Define minerals and state their functions
in the human body.
 Differentiate major and trace minerals.
 Identify major effects of deficiencies in
minerals.
 Identify individuals at increased risk for
mineral imbalances.
Vitamin Functions vs.
Functions of Minerals
 Like vitamins:
 Regulate bodily functions without
providing energy
 Essential to good health
 Unlike vitamins, minerals:
 Are inorganic
 Become part of body’s composition
 See examples p. 94
Major Minerals
Refer to Table 7-1 on pgs. 96 & 97
Study these Columns for the following minerals:
Functions, Deficiency, Excess, Sources

Calcium
Phosphorus
Sodium
Potassium
Magnesium
Sulfur
Chloride
Calcium
 Functions
 Structure: combines with phosphorus to give bones
and teeth their hardness, along with Vitamin D, protein, and
exercise
 Metabolic/CNS: in nerves (nerve impulses), muscles
(muscle contraction/relaxation), cardiovascular system
(blood pressure regulation, blood clotting)
 Know Table 7-1
 Sources
Animal and vegetable (absorbed more readily from
animal)
 Examples: dairy products, leafy greens, certain beans,
fish with small bones
Supplements may be needed: Know Clinical
Application 7-1
 Absorption factors
◦ Sufficient vitamin D
◦ Acidity of digestive mass
◦ Excessive intake of phosphorus or magnesium
◦ Know Table 7-3
Calcium, cont’d
 Deficiency
 Affects bone health; reduced bone density; stunted growth
 Osteopenia
 Osteoporosis

 Serum (blood)calcium levels low


 Hypocalcemia can lead to tetany
 Two (2) diagnostic signs of tetany (Know the difference in these
two signs: p. 100, Trousseau sign and Chvostek sign)
 Toxicity
 Supplement concerns
 May cause: constipation, urinary stone formation
 Hypercalcemia
 Milk-alkali syndrome
Phosphorus
 Functions
◦ Structure:
◦ Bones and teeth
◦ Components of cells (phospholipids [i.e., lecithin,
myelin], genetic material)
◦ Know Table 7-1
 Sources
 protein-rich foods and many others
 Excessive phosphorus causes calcium excretion
 Toxicity
 Hyperphosphatemia
Sodium
 Functions
 Fluid balance in body
 Helps maintain acid-base balance
 Transmission of electrochemical impulses along
nerve and muscle membranes
 Major hormone, aldosterone, controls sodium
excretion and aids in returning sodium to the
bloodstream
 Recommended intake and sources
 AI 1500 mg/day sodium or about 3/4 tsp salt
(sodium chloride)
 Sources: Table salt (sodium chloride); processed
foods
Sodium, cont’d
 Deficiency: hyponatremia
 Caused by increased sodium loss: dehydration
(heavy sweating, diarrhea, vomiting, kidney,
cardiac, liver disease)
 Symptoms: headache, muscle cramps/weakness,
concentration issues

 Toxicity: hypernatremia
 Seen only in sodium sensitive persons
 Symptoms include edema/swelling
Potassium
 Functions
 Primary intercellular cation maintains fluid balance
inside the cells
 Maintains normal function of nerves and
muscles

 Sources
 Best sources: unprocessed foods
 potatoes, tomatoes, bananas, oranges, dairy
products
 Salt substitutes (sodium replaced with potassium)
Potassium, cont’d
 Deficiency: Hypokalemia
 Causes: dehydration (i.e., vomiting, diarrhea),
potassium-wasting diuretics, misuse of laxatives,
kidney disease, diabetic ketoacidosis
 Symptoms: muscle weakness, confusion; in
severe cases, cardiac dysrhythmias

 Toxicity: Hyperkalemia
 Caused by dehydration, supplement use, impaired
renal function
 Symptoms: muscle weakness, vomiting, and
cardiac arrest
Magnesium
Functions
Enzymatic reactions
ADP and ATP energy metabolism
DNP synthesis and degradation
Protein synthesis
Insulin action
Influences transport of potassium and calcium across
cell membranes
Regulation of nerve impulses, muscle contractions,
normal heart rhythms

Sources
Widely distributed in foods (i.e., whole grains, legumes,
leafy green vegetables
Magnesium cont’d
Deficiency causes:
◦ Impaired CNS function
◦ Tetany (muscle twitching and cramping)
◦ Insomnia
◦ Heart irregularity or heart racing
◦ Seizures
◦ Drowsiness, fatigue, confusion

Toxicity: Usually does not build up in the


blood except as result of kidney disease
Sulfur
 Gives shape to:
 Hair
 Skin
 Nails
 Protective function:
 Combines with toxins to neutralize them
 Sources: complete protein foods
 Deficiency: none known
 Toxicity: none known
Chloride
 Function
 Extracellular anion maintains fluid inside/outside cells
 Component of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice
 Helps maintain fluid and acid base balance
 Sources:
 Table salt (sodium chloride), foods with sodium
 Seaweed, tomatoes, olives, celery
 Deficiency
 Very rare (infant neurological impairments)
 Toxicity
 Usually results from renal insufficiency leading to fluid
retention
Trace Minerals
Iron
Iodine
Fluoride
Zinc

The select trace minerals above are


reviewed in the following slides.
Refer to Table 7-9 on pgs. 109 & 110
(Study these Columns: Functions,
Deficiency, Excess, Best Sources for
the trace minerals above.)
Iron
 Function
 Distributes oxygen: component of hemoglobin (RBC);
hemoglobin composed of heme which is the nonprotein
portion that contains iron, and globin, a simple protein.
 Component of myoglobin, a protein located in muscle
tissue; myoglobin stores oxygen within the muscle cells.
 Present in enzymes that support energy metabolism and
synthesis and catabolism of neurotransmitters.
 Sources
 Heme/Non Heme iron sources in notes below.
 Factors favoring iron absorption
 Consuming dietary iron with vitamin C
 Factors inhibiting iron absorption
 Binders (oxalates)
 Tannins
 Pica
Iron, cont’d
 Deficiency: U.S. public health problem
 Common among women of childbearing age, teenage
girls, and young children
 Causes: loss of blood, lack of dietary intake

 Iron deficiency anemia: a microcytic anemia – small,


pale red blood cells
Iodine
 Function
 Part of hormone thyroxin produced by
thyroid gland
 Sources: Salt fortified with iodine; seafood
 Deficiency
 Reduces thyroxine production
 Goiter (see picture), cretinism,
myxedema)
 Toxicity:
 Thyrotoxicosis: iodine-induced goiter
Fluoride
 Function
 Aids in resistance to tooth decay
 Bone mineralization and tooth formation
 Sources: fluoridated water , tea, seafood, seaweed
 Deficiency
 risk of dental caries
 Toxicity:
 Fluorosis
Zinc
 Function
 More than 200 enzymes depend on zinc
 Taste and smell, healing process, immune system

 Sources
 Meat, fish, poultry, whole grains, legumes, egg
 Bioavailability reduced from foods high in phytic acid
Zinc, cont’d
 Deficiency
 Symptoms: impaired wound healing; decreased
appetite, decreased taste (hypogeusia), and smell
(anosmia); and immunologic disorders
 Severe deficiency may result in dwarfism (shortness
in height caused from a genetic or medical condition)
and hypogonadism (reduced function of gonads)

 Toxicity:
 Excess supplementation: vomiting and diarrhea,
fever, exhaustion (similar to flu)
 Continual excessive use decreases iron and copper
levels; reduces HDL cholesterol
What do I study?
 Read your book (Pay attention to those
items pointed out in slides/notes.)
 Content on all slides and notes below slides
 Any pictures, tables, pages that may have been
referred to during the audio lecture or on the slides
 Keystones p. 119
 Learn terms in bold print in your chapters.
 Discussion questions associated with this chapter.
 Chapter Review Questions p. 121 (Answer the
questions then see if you are correct on F.A. Davis
‘Open Access’ online. Be sure to access!)
 Clinical Analysis p. 121 (Answer the questions then
see if you are correct in F. A. Davis ‘Open Access’
online. Be sure to access!)

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