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MRimage Formation

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31 views36 pages

MRimage Formation

Uploaded by

unplannedkids79
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Medical Imaging Systems:

MRI Image Formation

Instructor: Walter F. Block, PhD 1-3


Notes: Walter Block and Frank R Korosec, PhD 2-3

Departments of Biomedical Engineering 1,


Radiology 2 and Medical Physics 3
University of Wisconsin - Madison
MRI Physics: So far...
What we can do so far:

1) Excite spins using RF field at o


2) Record time signal (Known as FID)
3) Mxy decays, Mz grows
4) Repeat.

But so far RF coils only integrate signal


from entire body. We have no way of
forming an image. That brings us to the
last of the three magnetic fields in MRI.
Image Formation Overview

• Gradient fundamentals
• Slice Selection
• Limit excitation to a slice or slab
• Can be in any orientation
• Gradient echo in-plane spatial encoding
• Frequency encoding
• Phase encoding
• Spin echo formation
• SNR
• Generalized encoding
3nd Magnetic Field
• Static High Field
• Termed B0
• Creates or polarizes signal
• 1000 Gauss to 100,000 Gauss
• Earth’s field is 0.5 G
• Radiofrequency Field (RF)
• Termed B1
• Excites or perturbs signal into a measurable form
• O.1 G but in resonant with signal
• Gradient Fields
• 1 -4 G/cm
• Used to determine spatial position of signal
• MR signal not based directly on geometry
Gradient Coils

Fig. Nishimura, MRI Principles


X Gradient Example: Gx

Magnetic field all along z, but magnetic


strength can varies spatially with x. Stronger
at right, no change in middle, weaker at left.
Gradient Coil Fundamentals
• Gradient strength directly proportional to current in coil
• On the order of 100 amps peak
• Performance
• Power needed proportional to radius5
• Tight bore for patient
• Strength – G/cm or mT/m
• 4 G/cm is near peak now for clinical scanners
• Higher strength with localized gradients (research only)
• Slew rate
• Need high voltages to change current quickly
• 100- 200 T/m/s is high performance
• Rise to 1 G in .1 ms at 100 T/m/s
• Limited by peripheral nerve stimulation
Magnetic Field Gradient Timing Diagrams
Larmor Equation

Before, only B0 B0

Precessional Static Magnetic Field


Frequency

Now with Gx tB0 +


Gx(t)x)
Gx, Gy, Gz: One for each spatial dimension

Magnetic field all along z, but magnetic


strength can vary spatially with x, y, and/or z.
Two Object Example of Spatial Encoding

Receiver Signal: No gradient


m(x)
Water
x
Gx On: Beat Frequency Demodulated Signal
sr(t)
t
Gz Gradient Example

The effects of the main magnetic field and the applied slice gradient. In this
example, the local magnetic field changes in one-Gauss increments accompanied by
a change in the precessional frequency from chin to the top of the head.

Image, caption: copyright Proruk & Sawyer, GE Medical Systems Applications Guide, Fig. 11
Selective RF Excitation
Recall frequency of RF excitation has to be equal
or in resonance with spins

Build RF pulse from sum of narrow frequency range


Slice Selection
- Consider a pulse B1(t) that is multiplied by cos(ot). This is called
modulation .
B1(t) is called the RF excitation.
o is the carrier frequency =  B0.
Mixer

B1(t) cos(ot)

A(t) cos(ot)

Frequency profile of modulated RF pulse

o f o = 2fo
Frequency Encoding

Spin
Frequency (x)
Image each voxel
along x as a piano
key that has a
different pitch.
MR coil sums the
“keys” like your
ear.
Frequency Encoding
GRE Pulse Sequence Timing Diagram
°

rf

Slice
Select

Freq.
Encode

Signal
TE
Frequency Encoding & Data Sampling

Frequency
Encoding

Generated
Signal

DAQ

Sampled
Signal
In-plane Encoding
• MR signal in frequency encoding (x) is
Fourier transform of projection of object
• Line integrals along y
• Encoding in other direction
• Vary angle of frequency encoding direction
• 1D FT along each angle and Reconstruct similar to CT
• Apply sinusoidal weightings along y direction
• Spin-warp imaging or phase-encoding
• By far the most popular
2D Projection Reconstruction MRI
ky


kx

Gx

Gy

DAQ

Reconstruction: convolution back projection or filtered back projection


Central Section Theorem in MRI

Object y’ y In MR, echo gives a radial line in


spatial frequency space (k-space).
x’ ky
θ
x

θ
x’
kx

i o n F.T.
j c
e t
P r o
C T
MR Signal (t)
Interesting - Time signal gives spatial frequency information of m(x,y)
k-Space Acquisition (Radial Sampling)
Y readout

X readout

kx kx

ky ky
In-plane Encoding
• MR signal in frequency encoding (x) is Fourier
transform of projection of object
• Line integrals along y
• Encoding in other direction
• Vary angle of frequency encoding direction
• 1D FT along each angle and Reconstruct similar to CT
• Apply sinusoidal weightings along y direction
• Apply prior to frequency encoding
• Repeat several times with different sinusoidal weightings
• Spin-warp imaging or phase-encoding
• By far the most popular
Phase Encoding: Apply Gy before Freq. encoding
GRE Pulse Sequence Timing Diagram
°

rf

Slice
Select

Phase
Encode

Freq.
Encode

Signal
TE
k-Space Acquisition
Phase
Encode

Sampled
Signal
DAQ

ky Phase
Direction

kx One line of k-space


acquired per TR Frequency Direction
k-Space Signal
ky

kx
512 x 8x8
512
512 x 16 x 16
512
512 x 32 x 32
512
512 x 64 x 64
512
512 x 128 x
512 128
512 x 256 x
512 256
512 x 512 x 32
512
Scan Duration

Scan Time = TR  PE  NEX

TR = Repetition Time
PE = Number of phase encoding values
NEX = Number of excitations (averages)

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